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Topic 1
MAIN UNITS AND NOTIONS OF GRAMMAR
GRAMMAR
• as a phenomenon – … [ object of study ]
• as a linguistic discipline– … [ type of describing \ interpreting the phenomenon ]
• as a university course – … [ ‘subject’ to learn ]
SUBSYSTEMS Disciplines
• PHONETICS – …
• LEXICON / VOCABULARY – …
• G R A M M A R – …
Grammar
???!!!
what is it … [ is a subsystem in language ]
what does it do … [ which expresses meanings ]
how … [ through the opposition of variants of one and the same unit (forms) ]
Main units of grammar
• Morpheme – … [ form-building morphemes / inflections ]
• … [ Word ]
• Word group / phrase
• … [ Sentence ]
• … [ Units larger than a sentence ] - suprasentencial unities / supraphrasal unities / clause clusters / etc. / texts
Units of grammar (and language in general) stand in two types of relations:
1) Syntagmatic 2) …
– linear relations – relations outside the lines …
– observed in … – observed in … [ language ]
A paradigm is a …
e.g. e.g.
PARTS OF GRAMMAR
… and Syntax
studies … relations of words:studies … relations of words and
So main units of morphology are … paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations of …
Main notions of grammar
Grammatical meaning
Grammatical and lexical meaning.
Grammatical meaning is the plane of …
Grammatical meaning is - …
- …
- …
- …
- … e.g. dog – dogs, ask-asked
The basic differential feature of a grammatical meaning is its … character.
Grammatical form: grammatical … form and grammatical syntactic form.
Means of form building:
Synthetic and …
- … (form-building morphemes) with the help of … morphemes
- … (inner inflections)
- …
Features of an analytical form: … … … … …
Analytical forms develop grammatical idiomaticity, which means that …
Principles of classifying morphemes: … … … …
Types of morphemes:
- according to their function: … … …
- according to the subsystem they function in: … … …
- according to how they are connected with the stem and spelled: … … …
- according to the way they are expressed: … … …
But! Grammatical meaning and grammatical form … … …
Grammatical category
Grammatical category is a … … … realized through … … …
Method of opposition: N.S.Troubetskoy à A.I.Smirnitsky
The essence of the method of opposition - … … …
Types of oppositions
(1) acc. to the number of members (elements): (2) qualitatively:
- … – 2 members - … e.g. ask -- ÷ ask ed +
- … – 3 members - … e.g. am ÷ is
- … – 4 members - gradual e.g. …
Oppositional reduction:
(1) … e.g. Tonight we start for London
(2) … e.g. She is always complaining of something
Categories
Opposition of forms |
Types of opposition |
Meanings of the members |
Meaning of the category |
Peculiarities
Topic 2
Parts of speech
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