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Порядок слов в английских вопросах
| Время | Вспомо-гательный глагол | Подлежащее | Смысловой глагoл- сказуемое |
| Active Forms | |||
| Present Simple (to be) | am is are | I she (he, it) you (we, they) | |
| Present Simple | do does | you (I, we, they) she (he, it) | I? I? |
| Present Continuous | am is are | I she (he, it) you (we, they) | …ing? …ing? …ing? |
| Present Perfect | have has | you (I, we, they) she (he, it) | III? III? |
| Past Simple (to be) | was were | I (she, he, it) you (we, they) | |
| Past Simple | did | you (I, she, he, it, we, they) | I? |
| Past Continuous | was were | I (she, he, it) you (we, they) | …ing? …ing? |
| Future Simple | will | you (I, she, he, it, we, they) | I? |
| Passive Forms | |||
| Present Passive | am is are | I she (he, it) you (we, they) | III? III? III? |
| Past Passive | was were | I (she, he, it) you (we, they) | III? III? |
I – первая форма глагола, которая совпадает с формой инфинитива, например, write;
II – вторая форма глагола (Past Simple), например, wrote;
III – третья форма глагола (Past Participle), например, written;
…ing – так называемая «инговая» форма, образуется путем добавления окончания -ing к I форме глагола, например, writing
Общие вопросы (yes/noquestions)
Общие вопросы (yes/no questions) начинаются со вспомогательного глагола (см. таблицу):
Do you smoke? (Present Simple)
Have you done it? (Present Perfect)
Did she go to John’s party yesterday? (Past Simple)
Will you talk to him tomorrow? (Future Simple)
Was she released on bail? (Past Passive)
Is this thing used? (Present Passive)
Специальные вопросы (wh-questions)
Специальные вопросы (wh-questions)начинаются с вопросительного слова/слов: who, what, which, whose, where, when, why, how, how long, how often, how much, how many.
What did you say? (Past Simple)
Who will you work with? (Future Simple)
How much do you want for you car? (Present Simple)
Why are you smiling? (Present Continuous)
How often are filters replaced? (Present Passive)
Вопросы к подлежащему
Вопросы к подлежащему составляются не по общему правилу, а следующим образом: после вопросительного слова who (кто?) или what (что?) употребляется смысловой глагол-сказуемое в 3 лице, ед. числе в соответствующем времени и залоге.
Who cooks in your family? (Present Simple)
Who is talking? (Present Continuous)
Who has done it? (Present Perfect)
Who invited you to the party? (Past Simple)
What happened? (Past Simple)
Who was dancing the last waltz with you? (Past Continuous)
Who will go with you? (Future Simple)
Who is fired? (Present Passive)
Who was arrested last night? (Past Passive)
What was done yesterday? (Past Passive)
Разделительные вопросы (tagquestions)
Разделительные вопросы (tag questions)–это утвердительные предложения, к которым в конце добавляется вспомогательный глагол + местоимение.
«Хвостик» разделительного вопроса переводится на русский язык как ‘ не так ли’, ‘не правда ли’
Вспомогательный глагол употребляется в том же времени, что и глагол-сказуемое. Например, если в предложение глагол-сказуемое в Past Simple, то вспомогательный глагол, который добавляется в разделительном вопросе – did или didn’t.
Вспомогательный (или модальный) глагол употребляется в отрицательной форме, если сказуемое положительное, и, наоборот, в положительной форме, если глагол-сказуемое отрицательный. Местоимение, которое употребляется в конце разделительного вопроса должно соответствовать в лице и числе подлежащему.
You don’t love her, do you?
You are kidding, aren’t you?
The kids did it themselves, didn’t they?
I didn’t do anything wrong, did I?
You were talking to Mr. Smith, weren’t you?
You have done it, haven’t you?
She will come, won’t she?
You can do it yourself, can’t you?
Запомните:
Let’s dance, shall we?
Come up to me, will you?
REPORTED SPEECH
Tom said ‘I’m feeling ill’ (direct speech)
Tom said that he was feeling ill. (reported speech)
am/ is --- was will --- would
are --- were can --- could
do/ does --- did may --- might
have/ has --- had must --- had to
Present Simple --- Past Simple
Present Continuous --- Past Continuous
Past Simple --- Past Perfect
Present Perfect --- Past Perfect
Future Simple --- Future-in-the-past
She said ‘ I know Mr. Smith. I can help you’.
She said that she knew Mr. Smith and could help them.
Sonia said ‘ I have already done it’.
Sonia said that she had already done it.
Ted said ‘ I will call you as soon as I come back’.
Ted said that he would call me as soon as he came back.
Gerund (doing) and Infinitive (to do)
| Gerund | Infinitive |
| avoid doing smth (He avoided lookingat me) delay fancy admit deny miss risk involve finish postpone imagine practise suggest mind recall resent can’t stand dislike give up put off carry on go on be interested in be crazy about | decide to do smth (He decided to have lunch at a café.) offer hope attempt promise agree plan afford manage threaten refuse arrange learn fail pretend would rather would prefer aim hurry want expect ask beg help |
| Gerund | Infinitive |
| be good at be (get) used to succeed in insist on accuse of feel like look forward to It’s no use.... What’s the use of.... It’s worth.... have difficulty... It’s a waste of time (money)... spend time... be busy... | would like
would hate
tell
order
remind
force
invite
persuade
enable
make |
Verbs Followed by the Infinitive or the Gerund
advise advise
recommend recommend
allow smb to do smth allow doing smth
permit permit
forbid forbid
consider smth(smb) to do smth
consider doing smth
love
like
hate
can’t bear
begin
continue
prefer doing smth to doing smth else
prefer to do smth rather than do smth else
VERB + to- INFINITIVE or...ING?
| + to do | +...ing | |
| come | · to talk about gradual change After some years he came to accept her as an equal. | · to say smb moves in a certain way PI He came whistling. It was nice to see him in such a good mood. |
| go on | · to mean that smth is done after smth is finished After the interval, they went on to recite poems by Burns. | · to say that smth continues G We asked her to stop, but she went on crying. There seemed to be nothing to comfort her. |
| mean | · to say that smb intends (wants) to do smth I meant to phone you last week. But I slipped my mind. I was busy trying to solve the problem. | · to say that smth has smth else as a result If we want to get there by 7.00, that means getting up at 5.00. |
| regret | · to say that we are about to do smth I regret to inform you that your application has been unsuccessful and you have been denied a scholarship. | · to say we have already done smth that we are not happy about I regret following his advice. It will take me a lot of nerve to get out of the mess he’s got me into . |
| stop | · to say why we stop doing smth She stopped to look at herself in the mirror. The reflection pleased her eyes. | · to say we finish doing smth They stopped talking when she came in. They couldn’t let anybody know about it. |
| try | · to say we attempt to do or make an effort to do smth Please try to be more attentive. It is an important job. Too much is at stake. | · to say that smb should do smth as an experiment or test to improve a situation Try doing the yoga and practising meditation for a change. Perhaps, it will help you manage stress. |
| need | · to say it is necessary for smb to do smth I need to talk to him before he leaves. | · to say smth needs to be done The carpet needs cleaning. It is messy. When did you last clean it? |
| remember forget | · to say that smb shouldn’t forget to do smth in the future Remember to take your hat when you leave. Don’t forget to ask him about that. | · to say that smb remembers what happened in the past I remember playing with him when a girl. I will never forget hearing this piece of music for the first time. |
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
Сослагательное наклонение используется для выражения нереальных (по крайней мере, на момент речи) условий. На русский язык такие предложения переводятся с частицей БЫ.
If I won a lot of money in a lottery, I would buy a new car. (Если БЫ я выиграл много денег в лотерею, я БЫ купил себе новую машину).
| If I (you, she, etc) +II (Past Simple),I (you, she, etc)would + I |
If I ever had a chance to date a celebrity, I would date Brad Pitt.
If she loved me, I would propose to her.
If I was (were) 18, I would have a relationship with him.
If you could go anywhere, where would you go?
В предложениях, начинающихся с I wish, используется сослагательное наклонение. Они передают желаемое, а не реальное условие на момент речи.
| I wish,I (you, she, etc)+ II (Past Simple) |
I wish I was (were) as wise as you. (Как жаль, что я не такая мудрая как ты)
I wish it was summer now. (Как жаль, что сейчас не лето)
I wish I could fly. (Как жаль, что я не умею летать)
Предложения, обозначающие нереальные условия, которые относятся к прошлому, строятся следующим образом:
| If I had + III (Past Participle), I would have + III (Past Participle) |
If I had done it on time, I wouldn’t have lost my job. (Если я бы сделал это вовремя, я бы не потерял работу)
If you had asked me to help you, I would have hel ped you. (Если бы ты попросила меня помочь тебе, я бы помогла)
Для выражения сожалений по поводу того, что случилось или не случилось в прошлом, используется следующая конструкция:
| I wish, I (you, she, etc) had + III (Past Participle) |
I wish I had talked to him. (Как жаль, что я не поговорила с ним)
I wish I had followed your advice. (Как жаль, что я не последовала твоему совету)
List of Irregular Verbs
| Infinitive | Past Simple | Past participle | Перевод |
| be become begin blow break bring build buy catch choose come cost cut do drink drive eat fall feel find forbid forget forgive get give go have hear hurt keep know learn leave lose make mean meet pay put read rise run | was/were became began blew broke brought built bought caught chose came cost cut did drank drove ate fell felt found forbade forgot forgave got gave went had heard hurt kept knew learnt left lost made meant met paid put read rose ran | been become begun blown broken brought built bought caught chosen come cost cut done drunk driven eaten fallen felt found forbidden forgotten forgiven got given gone had heard hurt kept known learnt left lost made meant met paid put read risen run | быть, находиться становиться начинать дуть ломать приносить, привозить строить покупать ловить выбирать приходить, приезжать стоить резать делать пить водить (машину) есть падать чувствовать найти запрещать забывать прощать получать давать уходить, уезжать иметь слушать причинять боль хранить знать изучать, учить оставлять терять делать иметь ввиду, значить встречать платить класть читать всходить бежать |
| Infinitive | Past Simple | Past participle | Перевод |
| say see sell send shoot show sing sit sleep speak spend stand steal swim take teach tell think understand win write | said saw sold sent shot showed sang sat slept spoke spent stood stole swam took taught told thought understood won wrote | said seen sold sent shot showed/shown sung sat slept spoken spent stood stolen swum taken taught told thought understood won written | сказать видеть продать отправить стрелять показывать петь сидеть спать говорить проводить, тратить стоять украсть плавать брать обучать рассказать думать понимать выигрывать писать |
ЛИТЕРАТУРА
1. Alexander L. “Longman English Grammar for Intermediate Students”/ Longman, 2005, 300.
2. Hewings M. “English Grammar in Use” (a self-study reference and practice book for advanced students)/ Cambridge University Press, 2000, 340.
3. Murphy R. “English Grammar in Use” (a self-study reference and practice book for intermediate students)/ Cambridge University Press, 2002, 350.
4. Блинова C.И., Черекова Е.П., Чернышева Г.С. Английский язык. Сборник упражнений по грамматике. – С.Петербург: Союз, 2004
5. Гордон Е.М., Крылова И.П. «Употребление артиклей в английском языке», М., Международные отношения, 1999.
6. Дроздова Т.Ю., Берестова А.И., Маилова В.Г. English Grammar (Reference and Practice), Химера, Санкт-Петербург, 2003
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