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• In OE there was no grammatical category of continuity
• There were free word-combinations of the type wæs ʒanʒende, which rendered the meaning of action in which rendered the meaning of action in progress. This meaning was implied in Participle I, which originally was adjective and could be used as a part of the Compound Nominal Predicate.
• Participle I characterized the subject by showing the state of a person (or thing) during some period of time: hē wæs feohtende.
• The construction of this type was close to the one with the verbal noun: he was on huntin ʒe (verbal noun) and he was huntinde (Participle I). The meaning is nearly the same the phrases differ only by the preposition on used in one of them.
• In some time the endings of verbal nouns and participles which came after - ʒ and –d were reduced. The 2 sounds happened to be at the end of the word and were very often mixed. As a result, out of the 2 endings only –ing was preserved.
• In the course of the ⅩⅤ century the preposition reduced into a-, which was used as a prefix of the ing-form.
Appeared 2 parallel constructions with the only difference between them – the element a-: is spreading, is a- coming. The constructions easily fell together with the resulting meaning being taken from the verbal noun. The verbal noun itself acquired some of the meanings of the verb, thus turning into a new non-finite form - the Gerund. The element a- was used up to the end of the ⅩⅦ century.
Development of Perfect Forms in English.
• In OE there was no perfect.
• Perfective meaning was rendered by non-perfective forms of verbs by means of adding the prefixes (first of all _e-, but also ā-, be-, fōr- etc: _esittan посадити, ārīsan встати, fōr-_iefan віддати).
• The Perfect tense-forms began to develop in OE: Participle II was often used as an attribute to the direct object of the verb habban. Ic habbe _ā bōc (_e)-writen.
• When the forms of agreement with the object were lost, the ties with the object loosened, Participle II became closely attached to the verb habban (haven) and the above combinations began to denote the action and became analytical forms (Table 81).
• The verb haven was used with transitive verbs, the verb bēn with intransitive. Both auxiliaries were used till ENE. The remnants of this use in Mod E are: he is gone, the tree is fallen.
At first the forms of the Present Perfect and Past Perfect could be used indiscriminately and did not differ much from the Past Indefinite as it can be seen from the examples by Chaucer: For he was late y-come from his viage, and wentefor to doon his pilgrimage
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