|
×èòàéòå òàêæå: |
ÌÀÇÌҰÍÛ
ʲвÑÏÅ....................................................................................................................3
ÊӘѲÏÊÅÐ˲ÊÒ² ÄÀÌÛÒÓÄÛҢ ÆÀËÏÛ ÑÈÏÀÒÒÀÌÀÑÛ ÆӘÍÅ ӨDzÍÄ²Ê ÅÐÅÊØÅ˲ò
1.1. Êәñ³ïîðûí-øàðóàøûëûқ ñóáúåêò ðåò³íäå.................................................... 5
1.2. ҚÐ ұäàéû өíä³ð³ñò³ê құðûëûìäàðäà êәñ³ïêåðë³êò³ң êîðïîðàòèâò³ê æәíå ұñàқ ôîðìàëàðûí äàìûòó ïðîáëåìàëàðû.............................................................8
1.3. Қàçàқñòàí Ðåñïóáëèêàñûíûң êәñ³ïêåðë³ê қûçìåò³í³ң äàìóû æәíå îíûң åðåêøåë³êòåð³.........................................................................................................12
1.4. Қàçàқñòàí Ðåñïóáëèêàñûíäàғû êәñ³ïêåðë³êò³ң ұéûìäàñòûðûëóû æәíå îíû äàìûòó æөí³ìäåã³ ìåìëåêåò ñàÿñàòû..........................................................14
ҚÎÐÛÒÛÍÄÛ......................................................................................................19
Қîëäàíûëғàí әäåáèåòòåð ò³ç³ì³............................................................................22
ʲвÑÏÅ
Қàçàқñòàí Ðåñïóáëèêàñû ÕÕ ғàñûðäûң 90 æûëäàðûíàí áàñòàï åãåìåíä³ åë áîëûï өç ýêîíîìèêàñûí äàìûòóғà ìүìê³íä³ê àëûï әëåìä³ê åңáåê áөë³ñ³íå қàòûñà áàñòàäû. Îí á³ð æûë ³ø³íäå åë³ì³çäå áұðûí-ñîңäû áîëìàғàí òàðèõè ìàңûçäû, îðàñàí çîð өçãåð³ñòåð áîëäû. Îñû æàңàëûқòàðäûң íåã³ç³ ìàòåðèàëäûқ өíä³ð³ñò³ң, áұðûíғû ýêîíîìèêàëûқ қàòûíàñòàðäûң îðíûíà æàңà қàòûíàñòàðäûң ïàéäà áîëóû. Ñîöèàëèñò³ê äåï àòàëғàí ìåìëåêåòò³ê æәíå êîîïåðàòèâò³ê ìåíø³êò³ң îðûíûíà êөï òүðë³ ìåíø³ê ôîðìàëàðûíûң êåëó³, îíûң ³ø³íäå æåêå ìåíø³ê òүðëåð³í³ң ïàéäà áîëóû. Ìåíø³êò³ң æåêåøåëåíä³ð³ëó³, ìåìëåêåò èåë³ã³íåí àëûíóû әê³ìø³ë³ê æүéåí³ң құëàóûíà æîë àøòû. Á³ðàқ øàðóàøûëûқòû òè³ìä³ ұéûìäàñòûðóøû, îðòàқîëäû ìåíø³ê èåëåð³í қàëûïòàñòûðó îңàé æүðã³ç³ëåò³í øàðóà åìåñ. Îíûң áàñòû ñåáåá³ ñîâåò åë³íäå 70 æûëäàí àñòàì ìåìëåêåòêå қûçìåò àòқàðғàí àäàìäàð ïñèõîëîãèÿñ æåêå àäàìäàðäû êәñ³ïêåðë³êòåí àëøàқòàòòû, øûíûí àéòқàíäà êәñ³ïêåðë³ê òåîðèÿñ áîëғàí æîқ, êåð³ñ³íøå áұë қûçìåòò³ ìåìëåêåò áàñқàðó îðãàíäàðû àòқàðàäû äåãåí ï³ê³ð қàëûïòàñòû.
Ñîâåò ýêîíîìèêàñû ïðîëåòàðëûқ ñàÿñè ýêîíîìèÿ äîãìàñûíà ñәéêåñ á³ð îðòàëûқòàí áàñқàðûëàòûí êүðäåë³ ôàáðèêà ðåò³íäå қàðàëäû. Îíûң үñò³íå êәñ³ïêåðëåð - қàíàóøû òàï êàïèòàëèñòåð äåãåí ұғûì õàëûқ ñàíàñûíà ìîëûíàí åíä³. Êåéá³ð ûíòàëû, æ³ãåðë³, өç áåò³ìåí åңáåêêå, êәñ³ïêåðë³êêå òàëïûíóøû àäàìäàð àëäûíäà çàң æүç³íäå êåäåðã³ қîéûëûï, îëàð æàçàғà òàðòûëғàí æàғäàéëàð äà êåçäåñêåí. Áүê³ë Ñîâåò Îäàғûíà àòû øûққàí қàçàқñòàíäûқ øàðóà Õóäåíêî À.Â. ìåðä³ãåðë³ê åã³íø³ë³ê áðèãàäàñûí құðғàí үø³í æàóàïқà òàðòûëûï ìåçã³ëñ³ç, æàçûқñûçäà äүíèå ñàëäû. Әëåìä³ê òәæ³ðèáå ìåí ғûëûìäà êәñ³ïêåðë³ê òåîðèÿñû êåң қîëäàíûëäû äà èíäóñòðèÿñû äàìûғàí åëäåð ýêîíîìèêàñûíäà àéòàðëûқòàé æåò³ñò³êòåð áîëғàíû æұðòқà ìәë³ì. Òåîðèÿäàғû ñûңàðæàқòûқ, ÿ áîëìàñà òóðà áұðìàëàóøûëûқ ýêîíîìèêàғà îðàñàí çîð êåäåðã³ êåëò³ðåä³, қîғàì ìүøåëåð³í³ң әë-àóқàòûí, ìәäåíè äәðåæåñ³í òөìåíäåòåð³ ñөçñ³ç. Îñûғàí îðàé, òåîðèÿäàғû äîãìàëàðäûң êåñ³ð³ ұçàқ æûëäàð áîéû áүê³ë ñîâåò õàëқûíûң, îíûң ³ø³íäå қàçàқñòàíäûқòàðäûң ìàòåðèàëäûқ æàғäàéûíà қîëàéñûç áîëғàíû áåëã³ë³.
Òðàíñôîðìàöèÿëûқ ýêîíîìèêà æàғäàéûíäà øàðóàøûëûқòû ³ëãåð³ äàìûòó үø³í êәñ³ïêåðë³êò³ң áàñòàïқû íûñàíäàðûí қàëûïòàñòûðó үëêåí ìәíãå èå áîëäû. Ñåáåá³, ұäàéû өíä³ð³ñ òұðғûñûíäà êәñ³ïêåðë³ê құðûëûìäàð ғàíà ýêîíîìèêàëûқ æүéåëåðä³ á³ð-á³ð³íåí àéûðìà àëàäû. Îñûғàí áàéëàíûñòû, íàðûқòûқ ïðèíöèïòåðãå íåã³çäåëãåí êәñ³ïêåðë³ê ñåêòîðäûң æүéåë³ ôàêòîðëàðû ìàңûçäûëûққà èå áîëàäû.
Ìåòîäîëîãèÿëûқ òұðғûäàí íàðûқòûқ ñåêòîð êåçåң³ ôèðìàíûң өíä³ð³ñò³ê, қàðæûëûқ æәíå àқïàðàòòûқ æүéåñ³í қàéòà áàғûòòàó ìåí êәñ³ïêåðë³êò³ң қàç³ðã³ çàìàíғû èíñòèòóöèîíàëäûқ құðûëûìûí қàëûïòàñòûðóäû àíûқòàéäû.
Әä³ñòåìåë³ê òұðғûäàí қàç³ðã³ çàìàíғû êәñ³ïêåðë³ê òàáèғàòûíà ³øê³ æәíå ñûðòқû ûíòàëûëûқòû, æîғàðû òàáûñòû әðåêåòêå äåãåí ûíòàëûëûқòû æүçåãå àñûðóäûң ì³íåç-құëûқòûқ құðàëäàðû åíåä³.
Êәñ³ïêåðë³ê íûñàíäàð êөøïåë³ æàғäàéäà ұäàéû өíä³ð³ñò³ê қàòûíàñòàðäû êåëåñ³äåé æүéåë³ íәòèæåëåðãå әêåëåò³íäåé ðåôîðìàëàó òұðғûñûíàí қàðàғàíäà ³ñ æүç³íäå øåøóø³ ðөë àòқàðàäû. Òðàíñôîðìàöèÿëûқ æàғäàéäà êәñ³ïêåðë³êò³ң òүðëåð³ òóðàëû ìәñåëå Ұäàéû өíä³ð³ñò³ê ðåôîðìàëàó òұðғûñûíàí ìàңûçäûëûқòû èåëåíåä³. Êәñ³ïêåðë³êò³ң өç³ íàқòû íûñàíäàðäà æүçåãå àñûðûëàäû, ñîëàðäûң ³ø³íäå åң ïәðìåíä³ëåð³ - êîðïîðàöèÿëàð (³ð³ áèçíåñ äåңãåé³íäå), ëèçèíã, ôðàí÷àéçèíã, âåí÷óðëûқ áèçíåñ êәñ³ïêåðë³êò³ң îðòà æәíå øàғûí äåңãåéëåð³íäå áîëûï òàáûëàäû. Àêöèîíåðë³ê қàòûíàñòàðäû äàìûòó íәòèæåñ³ ðåò³íäåã³ êîðïîðàöèÿëàó íàқòû өíä³ð³ñò³ê ñåêòîð ìåí қàòàð қàðæûëûқ ñåêòîðäûң áåëñåíä³ë³ã³í àðòòûðàäû. Áұë өíä³ð³ñ ñàòûñûíäà (êîìáèíàòòàð, òðåñòåð) æәíå àéíàëûñ äåңãåé³íäå (áàíê³ë³ê êîíñîðöèóìäàð, áðîêåðë³ê àññîöèàöèÿëàð) á³ðëåñêåí íûñàíäàðäûң ïàéäà áîëóûíà әêåëåä³. Îñûíûң ñàëäàðû қîðïîðàòèâò³ê құðûëûìäàðäûң (ҚӨÒ, ÒҰÊ) қàëûïòàñóû áîëûï òàáûëàäû. Áұë өç êåçåã³íäå ñîëàðäûң òè³ìä³ë³ã³í³ң қîñûìøà òàëäàóûí òàëàï åòåä³. Ñîíäûқòàí, ìәñåëåí³ң íåã³çã³ ýëåìåíòòåð³íå:
- á³ð³íø³äåí, êәñ³ïêåðë³êò³ң қàëûïòàñóûíûң øàðóàøûëûқ òåò³ã³, åãåð îíûң құðûëóû үø³í òåõíîëîãèÿëûқ íåã³ç áîëñà;
- åê³íø³äåí, òұðàқñûç ýêîíîìèêàëûқ îðòà æàғäàéûíäà áàçàëûқ êәñ³ïêåðë³ê íûñàíäàðûíûң ôàêòîðëûқ åðåêøåë³êòåð³;
- үø³íø³äåí, êәñ³ïêåðë³êò³ң ýêîíîìèêàëûқ æәíå әëåóìåòò³ê òè³ìä³ë³ã³í äәë êөðñåòåò³í îíûң îңòàéëû íûñàíäàðûí ³çäåñò³ðó;
Êәñ³ïêåðë³ê қûçìåò³í³ң қàíäàéû áîëìàñûí ìåìëåêåòò³ң ýêîíîìèêàñû àÿñûíàí өç³íå òè³ñò³ îðíûí, äәðåæå-äåңãåé³í òàïқàíû áүã³íäå áàðøàғà ìәë³ì. Àë áүã³íã³ òàңäà Қàçàқñòàíäàғû êәñ³ïêåðë³êã³ң òóûíäàï, äàìóû æүðã³ç³ë³ï æàòқàí çêîíîìèêàëûқ ðåôîðìàëàðäûң өçåã³ ðåò³íäå êөð³í³ñ òàáóäà. Өéòêåí³, íàðûқ ýêîíîìèêàñûíà êөøóä³ң (өòóä³ң) á³ðäåí-á³ð æîëû, áұë êәñ³ïêåðë³ê құðûëûìäàðäûң ìàòåðèàëäûқ áàçàñû æåêåìåíø³ê èíâåñòèöèÿëàð áîëûï òàáûëóûìåí қàòàð, îëàðäûң áàñқàðó áàñòàóûíäà á³ë³êò³ æәíå қàéðàòòû êәñ³ïêåð òұðóû қàæåò.
Ìåìëåêåò òàðàïûíäà æүçåãå àñûðûëàòûí êûçìåòòåðãå òұëғàíûң æұìûñқà ê³ðó³ åðê³í ñèïàòòà áîëғàíûìåí, áàñқàðó қûçìåò³ áàñқàðóøû îðãàíûң ìүääåñ³íå ñîғàí æåòó æîëûíäà æүçåãå àñûðàòûí ôóíêöèàëàðûíà, әä³ñòåð³íå æәíå ò,á, íåã³çäåëãåíä³êòåí қûçìåò ³ñòåó åð³êñ³ç áîëûï òàáûëàäû.
Æàëïû ýêîíîìèêàëûқ ïðîãðåññ êәñ³ïêåðë³êò³ң äàìóûìåí ò³êåëåé áàéëàíûñòû. Íàðûқòûқ ýêîíîìèêà æàғäàéûíäà êәñ³ïêåðë³ê – øàðóàøûëûқ қûçìåòò³ң ìàңûçäû òүð³ áîëûï òàáûëàäû. Өéòêåí³, íàðûқòûқ ýêîíîìèêàíûң өç³ – êәñ³ïêåðë³ê ýêîíîìèêà. Îíûң ðîë³í êөðñåòóäå, Àäàì Ñìèò êәñ³ïêåðä³ êîììåðöèÿëûқ èäåÿíû æүçåãå àñûðó æәíå ïàéäà òàáó үø³í ýêîíîìèêàëûқ òәóåêåëãå áàðàòûí ìåíø³ê èåñ³ ðåò³íäå ñèïàòòàéäû. Êәñ³ïêåðë³ê өíä³ð³ñò³ң, íàðûқòûң æәíå áүê³ë қîғàìíûң äàìóûíà ûқïàë åòåä³. Îñûғàí áàéëàíûñòû êәñ³ïêåðë³êò³ң òåîðèÿñû ìåí òәæ³ðèáåñ³íå äåãåí ìүääåë³ë³ê өñ³ï îòûð.
Ι ÊӘѲÏÊÅÐ˲ÊÒ² ÄÀÌÛÒÓÄÛҢ ÆÀËÏÛ ÑÈÏÀÒÒÀÌÀÑÛ ÆӘÍÅ ӨDzÍÄ²Ê ÅÐÅÊØÅ˲ò
Äàòà äîáàâëåíèÿ: 2015-02-16; ïðîñìîòðîâ: 28 | Ïîìîæåì íàïèñàòü âàøó ðàáîòó | Íàðóøåíèå àâòîðñêèõ ïðàâ |