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Did nothing always exist or was it invented? "Nothing" is zero or nought (0). It is a very useful idea and it ______ by many different names. In football, 0 ______ to us as "nil". So we say: "Liverpool ______ two-nil (2-0) at home by Manchester United." When you ______ marks in a test, you hope you will never get "nought" out of ten or twenty. When we talk about the temperature, "zero" ______. We say: "It is freezing today; the temperature has dropped to five below zero." The most unusual name for 0 must be that which ______ in tennis, "love"; where the scoring goes 15-love, 30-love and so on. Not many people realize that 0 did not always exist but is something that ______. Until the sixteenth century, the number system used in Europe was the Roman system, which ______ about two thousand years ago. The Roman system is not simple, for example the mark "X" stands for ten and "C" refers to a hundred. A much better number system ______ by the Hindus much earlier. The Hindu system ______ to Europe in AD 9000 by the Arabs and is sometimes referred to as the "Arabic system". This system ______ on a base of ten and all numbers ______ with the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 0. So as all schoolchildren know, 10 means "ten" and 40 means "four times ten".
Ex. 13. Change into the Passive Voice according to the models:
The professor publishes a book. – A book is published by the
professor.
The teacher gives him the book. – The book is given to him.
He is given the book.
1. Scientists studied the compounds.
2. Chadwick discovered the neutron.
3. Mendeleyev arranged the elements in eight groups.
4. Scientists have studied the chemical properties of plutonium.
5. The total number of protons and neutrons determine the mass number of the element.
6. Power stations produce electrical energy.
7. Science did not find the transuranic elements in nature.
8. Scientists have studied the atomic structure since about 1900.
9. They offered the scientist an opportunity for interesting work.
10. They gave the new element the name of a famous scientist.
11. They showed the students the difference between the two methods.
12. His teacher showed him an article with useful information.
13. Circulation of water provides cooling.
14. Mr Mell assisted him in his studies.
15. They are neglecting the attraction between the molecules.
16. A number of experiments and observations precede any deduction.
17. They heated the tube by inserting tightly the silica glass tube.
18. He used silver paint for electrical contrast.
19. Then they rotate it and slowly withdraw.
20. They often carry this process one step further.
21. At power plants they are still taking other measures to improve voltage support capability.
22. They have built no new large power stations in California for at least a decade.
Ex. 14. Change the following sentences using the Future Indefinite Passive.
M o d e l: The conference in question is going to be held late in July.
The conference in question will be held in July.
1. This book is scheduled to be published next year.
2. The new series of experiments is supposed to be started in the coming month.
3. The data furnished by those experiments are going to be reported at the coming conference.
4. The studies performed by the authors are supposed to be reviewed in the next issue of the journal.
5. The research we are doing is supposed to be restricted to only a few species.
6. The paper he has presented is going to be discussed by those concerned with similar problems.
7. The conclusions made from the above observations are going to be used as a starting point for the further study of this theory.
8. This aspect is supposed to be described in the subsequent section.
9. The paper is going to be published elsewhere in the same form in English or in any other language.
10. A brief survey is going to be given of the recent advances in the field.
11. The studies which are going to be undertaken will obviously be dependent on the financial resources.
12. Why do you think no further comments are going to be made?
Ex. 15. Complete the following sentences with a possible form of the verb given in parentheses. More than one passive form is possible.
1. The computer that he wanted (sell) has been sold/was sold.
2. After the car (repair), they took it out for a long drive.
3. The winner of the contest (determine) last night by a unanimous vote.
4. American Beauty roses (grow) for fun and profit.
5. Sometimes teachers (call on) to help their students with personal problems.
6. Some people (think) to have allergies to cats.
7. This is the only product that (produce) in the area last year.
8. Although the black horse (favor) in the race, the brown horse won.
9. Al's proposal (withdraw) when it (discover) that he had not written it himself.
10. This conclusion (test) experimentally on a number of ion species.
11. The old clothes (give) to the Salvation Army.
12. Recently, the Tikhonov regularizer successfully (apply) in plasma physics.
13. The data (record) during July 1998.
14. Measures (take) to save Lake Baikal.
15. Computers and lasers (introduce) widely at plants and factories.
16. While the lecture (hold), I was taking part in another conference.
17. Perhaps they (publish).
18. Every student (examine) at the end of the course.
19. It (show) by Reynolds in 1894 that the effect of the flow was negligible.
20. These relationships (discuss) in the next section.
21. Those two mixtures (press) in stainless steel capsules.
22. Computers (use) more and more extensively in the world today.
23. The degree (award) on the results of the examination and of the thesis.
Ex. 16. Translate into English concentrating on the use of the Passive Voice.
1. Обнаружили, что вещество было радиоактивным.
2. За появлением реактивного двигателя последовало громадное увеличение скорости самолетов.
3. Эта идея сейчас интенсивно разрабатывается во многих странах.
4. Недавно сообщили, что создан первый карманный цветной телевизор.
5. Подобная система уже использовалась на больших танкерах
6. Нужен более тщательный подход.
7. Хорошо известно, что результатом автоматизации является более высокая производительность труда.
8. Более 80% продукции экспортировалось.
9. Читателя отсылают к определенной главе книги.
10. Первые двигатели использовались для орошения полей.
11. Затем был изобретен ветряной двигатель.
12. Он сказал, что Алекс был прекрасным инженером, который был привлечен в энергетику со времени окончания университета в 1965 году.
13. На свойства металлов часто очень сильно влияют даже небольшие примеси других металлов и неметаллов.
14. Его широко почитали за вклад в эту область науки.
15. Потребуется более высокое давление.
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