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LEVELS OF MENTAL ORGANIZATION

1. We greatly underestimate consciousness when we attempt to redefine it as merely awareness or selective attention. Consciousness seems closer to the higher intellectual functions such as structural language, planning ahead, composing music, logical chains of inference. Just as intelligence has been described as “What you use when you don’t know what to do”, so too consciousness is prominently involved when the situation contains ambiguity or demands creative responses. Many mental activities can be handled by subroutines; consciousness helps to deal with the leftovers.

2. But there is some method to all of this floundering around. The key concept is that of levels of organization. The more consciousness one has, the more layers of processing divide one from the world… The deeper and broader our consciousness becomes, the more complex the layers of processing are necessary to obtain that consciousness. Levels are best defined be certain functional properties, not anatomy. A proper level is also characterized by “causal decoupling” from adjacent levels; it’s a study unto itself. For example, you can weave without understanding how to make clothing. Chemistry is a proper level: Mendeleyev discovered the patterns of the table of elements without knowing anything about the underlying patterns of election shells.

3. Mental life can pyramid a number of levels. Some of the major tasks of early childhood involved discovering four levels of organization in the apparent chaos of the surrounding environment. Infants discover phonemes and create standard categories for them. Between 18 and 36 months of age, they start to discover patterns of words called phrases. After syntax, then they go on to discover the rule about narratives having a beginning, middle and end.

4. Yet finally what we may arrive at is a theory of the mind and consciousness. The given theory starts that a mind is so decoupled from its material support systems that it seems to be independent of them.

Определите, является ли утверждение:

We can redefine consciousness as merely selective affention.

1) в тексте нет информации

2) истинным

3) ложным

ЗАДАНИЕ 28 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Определите, является ли утверждение:

Levels of mental organization cannot be properly defined by anatomy.

1) истинным

2) в тексте нет информации

3) ложным

ЗАДАНИЕ 29 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Определите, является ли утверждение:

Four-year-old children have four levels of organization.

1) в тексте нет информации

2) ложным

3) истинным

ЗАДАНИЕ 30 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Определите, является ли утверждение:

According to the theory consciousness doesn’t depend on its material support systems.

1) в тексте нет информации

2) ложным

3) истинным

ЗАДАНИЕ 31 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:

“Causal decoupling” is one of the characteristics of a proper level.

1) 4 2) 1

3) 2 4) 3

ЗАДАНИЕ 32 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:

Among the higher intellectual functions there are composing music and structured language.

1) 4 2) 3

3) 1 4) 2

ЗАДАНИЕ 33 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Ответьте на вопрос:

How many levels of mental organization is it necessary to obtain?

1) 18 levels.

2) Some number of levels.

3) 4 levels.

4) 1 level.

ЗАДАНИЕ 34 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Определите основную идею текста

1) Our consciousness consists of 4 levels of organization.

2) Our consciousness is deep and broad.

3) A proper level is characterized by causal decoupling from adjacent levels and defined by certain functional properties.

4) Levels of mental organization make consciousness independent of its material base.

TEST 3

ЗАДАНИЕ 1 Выберите один вариант ответа

People who do manual jobs are called manual workers or ____.

1) white collars 2) blue collars

3) civil servants 4) grey collars

ЗАДАНИЕ 2 Выберите один вариант ответа

____ are standards that a culture regards as good and bad, right or wrong.

1) Opinions 2) Attitudes

3) Beliefs 4) Values

ЗАДАНИЕ 3 Выберите один вариант ответа

When a child is legally placed with non-biological parents he or she is ____.

1) adopted 2) nurtured

3) fostered 4) raised

ЗАДАНИЕ 4 Выберите один вариант ответа

____ is the process by which you recognize and understand something.

1) Cognitive science 2) Cognitive psychology

3) Child development 4) Ageing

ЗАДАНИЕ 5 Выберите один вариант ответа

Jim gets ____ if he has to study much.

1) boring 2) bored

3) bore 4) boredom

ЗАДАНИЕ 6 Выберите один вариант ответа

Are these glasses ____?

1) yours 2) your

3) you 4) yourself

ЗАДАНИЕ 7 Выберите один вариант ответа

Your driving is ____ than mine.

1) bad 2) badder

3) the worst 4) worse

ЗАДАНИЕ 8 Выберите один вариант ответа

She’s got ____ headache, and she is going to ____ bed.

1) a; - 2) the; -

3) a; the 4) -; -

ЗАДАНИЕ 9 Выберите один вариант ответа

Are there your group mates ____ those young people?

1) between 2) along

3) beside 4) among

ЗАДАНИЕ 10 Выберите один вариант ответа

Ask him ____ he can do it tomorrow.

1) since 2) in order to

3) for 4) whether

ЗАДАНИЕ 11 Выберите один вариант ответа

I usually ____ home on foot, but today I ____ a bus.

1) go; take 2) goes; am taking

3) go; am taking 4) go; has taken

ЗАДАНИЕ 12 Выберите один вариант ответа

He sat on the sofa ____ a newspaper.

1) having read 2) being read

3) reading 4) read

ЗАДАНИЕ 13 Выберите один вариант ответа

How do you ____ with your neighbours? – It ____ my patience.

1) get in; depends from 2) get on; depends on

3) get about; depends from 4) get out; depends with

ЗАДАНИЕ 14 Выберите один вариант ответа

I ____ say good-bye to you now. – What a pity! ____ you stay a little longer?

1) should; Wouldn’t 2) could; Won’t

3) have to; Shouldn’t 4) must; Can’t

ЗАДАНИЕ 15 Выберите наиболее подходящий вариант ответа

Visitor: May I leave a message for Ms Baxter with you?

Secretary: ___________________

1) By all means. 2) You see, I must be off.

3) Of course, do, please. 4) No problem.

ЗАДАНИЕ 16 Выберите наиболее подходящий вариант ответа

Customer: Thank you for your help.

Administrator: ___________________

1) It goes without saying. 2) Don’t mention it. It was my pleasure.

3) Please. 4) Not in the least.

ЗАДАНИЕ 17 Выберите наиболее подходящий вариант ответа

An interviewer: What do you do?

You: _____________________

1) I enjoy travelling. 2) I spend my time meeting clients.

3) I’m visiting my friend. 4) I work as a sales manager.

ЗАДАНИЕ 18 Выберите наиболее подходящий вариант ответа

Ann: Hi, Sue. Sorry I kept you waiting.

Sue: ____________________

1) That’s true. 2) That’s OK. I hope everything’s all right.

3) You’re right. 4) Stop it!

ЗАДАНИЕ 19 Выберите один вариант ответа

The copies of the Magna Charta, Parthenon sculptures and Egyptian mummies are housed in ____.

1) the Victoria and Albert Museum 2) the British Museum

3) the Science and Natural History Museum 4) the Geological Museum

ЗАДАНИЕ 20 Выберите один вариант ответа

____ is observed on the fourth Thursday of November to commemorate the first Pilgrims.

1) Veterans’ Day 2) Columbus Day

3) Independence Day 4) Thanksgiving Day

ЗАДАНИЕ 21 Выберите один вариант ответа

The head of the Canadian state is ____.

1) Queen Elizabeth II 2) President

3) Prime Minister 4) Governor General

ЗАДАНИЕ 22 Выберите один вариант ответа

____ (1643–1727), physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, and alchemist.

1) Sir Isaac Newton 2) Stephen Hawking

3) Michael Faraday 4) James Clerk Maxwell

ЗАДАНИЕ 23 Расположите части делового письма в правильном порядке

1) Yours faithfully

Simon Deeds

2) I am writing to ask you if you have a vacancy on your staff for an assistant accountant. I am twenty-two and have been working in the costing department with Bedford Furnishing Company, Bedford House, London, for the past three years. I am studying Accountancy and Business Management at the Polytechnic.

3) The Personnel Manager

Harper & Grant Ltd.

25 West Road

London WE 67 1RG

4) Dear Sir or Madam

5) 18 Long Lane

Bickley Surrey RQ45 9CM

30 June 2009

ЗАДАНИЕ 24 Перед Вами конверт. Соотнесите информацию под определенным номером на конверте с тем, что она обозначает

A) the ZIP Code in the mailing address

B) the ZIP Code in the return address

C) the addressee’s company name

D) the town the letter comes from

E) the street name in the mailing address

F) the addressee

ЗАДАНИЕ 25 Определите, к какому виду делового документа относится представленный ниже отрывок

1) Contract 2) Invoice

3) Order 4) Advertisement

ЗАДАНИЕ 26 Выберите слова или сочетания слов для заполнения пропусков так, чтобы они отражали особенности оформления электронного письма

(1) ____: Conditions

Date: 09.04.2010

(2) ____: h.johnson@telecom.de

To: nancy.donovan@northernsupplies.co.uk

Dear Mrs Donovan

We refer to our recent enquiry regarding our conditions of payment. Our terms are 30 days net, but we can allow you (3) ____ for subsequent orders.

We (4) ____ receiving your initial order.

Yours sincerely

A) look forward to B) From

C) Re D) two months’ credit

ЗАДАНИЕ 27 (выберите один вариант ответа)

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