Modern era

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Electrical engineering can trace its origins in the experiments of Alessandro Volta in the 1800s, the experiments of Michael Faraday, Georg Ohm and others and the invention of the electric motor in 1872. The work of James Maxwell and Heinrich Hertz in the late 19th century gave rise to the field of Electronics. The later inventions of the vacuum tube and the transistor further accelerated the development of electronics to such an extent that electrical and electronics engineers currently outnumber their colleagues of any other engineering specialty.

The inventions of Thomas Savery and the Scottish engineer James Watt gave rise to modern Mechanical Engineering. The development of specialized machines and their maintenance tools during the industrial revolution led to the rapid growth of Mechanical Engineering both in its birthplace Britain and abroad.

Chemical Engineering, like Mechanical Engineering, developed in the nineteenth century during the Industrial Revolution. Industrial manufacturing demanded new materials and new processes and by 1880 the need for large scale production of chemicals was such that a new industry was created, dedicated to the development and large scale manufacturing of chemicals in new industrial plants. The role of the chemical engineer was the design of these chemical plants and processes.

Aeronautical Engineering deals with aircraft design while Aerospace Engineering is a more modern term including spacecraft design. Its origins can be traced back to the aviation pioneers around the turn of the century from the 19th century to the 20th. Early knowledge of aeronautical engineering was largely empirical with some concepts and skills imported from other branches of engineering. Only a decade after the successful flights by the Wright brothers, there was extensive development of aeronautical engineering through development of military aircraft that were used in World War I. Meanwhile, research to provide fundamental background science continued by combining theoretical physics with experiments.

In 1990, with the rise of computer technology, one started to speak about computer engineering, also called computer systems engineering. It is a discipline that integrates several fields of electrical engineering and computer science required to develop computer systems. Computer engineers usually have training in electronic engineering, software design, and hardware-software integration instead of only software engineering or electronic engineering. Computer engineers are involved in many hardware and software aspects of computing, from the design of individual microprocessors, personal computers, and supercomputers, to circuit design. This field of engineering not only focuses on how computer systems themselves work, but also how they integrate into the larger picture. After you have read

Look through paragraphs 1 and 2	a) State the part of speech safely, realize, improvement, creative, application, utilize, singly, combination, economics, safety, particular, property; b) Translate the international words definition, to manufacture, creative, combination, specific conditions; c) Give the corresponding nouns define, combine, apply, create, improve; d) Fish out the words that collocate with the word “knowledge”.
paragraphs 3 - 6	a) Read the words properly ancient, structure, mature, refer, distinguish, pulley, innate, mechanical, technology; b) Find the words of task a) in the text and translate them; c) State the part of speech invention, ancient, useful, consistent, originally, constructor, notable, exception, ultimately; d) Translate the international words exploit (v), originally, concept, military, ultimately, to operate; e) State the meaning of as / one / that / those / these.
paragraphs 7 - 10	a) Mind the pronunciation of the following words ingenuity[indʒiʹnju:iti] antikythera mechanism [ˏæntiʹkiʘərə] gearing [ʹgiəriŋ] trireme [ʹtrairi:m] ballista [bəʹlistə] catapult [ʹkætəpult] b) State the part of speech testament, ingenuity, responsible, epicyclic, differential, supervise; c) Translate the international words supervise, construction, complex (adj); d) Point out the predicates in Simple Active and Passive.
paragraphs 11 - 12	a) Read the words properly steam, allow, decade; b) State the part of speech and translate the words electrical, originator, publication, industrial, revolution, incorporate, mechanics; c) Point out the predicates.
paragraphs 13 - 17	Find in the text the English for современный, брать начало, двигатель, в конце века, электронная лампа, ускорили, превосходят (численно), положили начало, средства обслуживания / поддержки, промышленное производство, была создана, создание, имеет дело, термин, первоначальный знания, десятилетие, прочная основа, развитие / подъем, объединяет, необходимые, аппаратные и программные средства, создание микросхем, сосредоточена.

Unit 5

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