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In linguistics, syntax (from Ancient Greek σύνταξις "arrangement" from σύν syn, "together," and τάξις táxis, "an ordering") is "the study of the principles and processes by which sentences are constructed in particular languages.
General Characteristics of Syntax.
The grammatical structure of language comprises two major parts: morphology and syntax. These two areas are obviously interdependent and together they constitute a study of grammar.
Syntax deals with the way words are combined. It is concerned with the external functions of words and their relationship to other words within the linearly ordered units – word-groups, sentences and texts. Syntax studies the way in which the units and their meanings are combined. It also deals with peculiarities of syntactic units, their behaviour in different contexts.
The Sentence and its Classification.
The sentence is a communication unit made up of words in conformity with their combinability and structurally united by intonation and predicativity. It has its own features: it is a unit of speech, it is intonationally marked, it is a predicative unit.
There are different types of sentences. According to the structure the sentences can be divided into: Simple and Composite.
Simple sentences are subdivided into: unextended and extended sentences.
The unextended sentence can be one-member sentence, e.g. Fire! Come on! or two-member sentence which consists of main parts: subject and predicate.
e.g. A month passed. The car stopped.
The extended sentence consists of more than two parts including the subject, the predicate, the object, the attribute, adverbial modifiers.
e.g. The blue car stopped at the gate (blue – the attribute, at the gate – adverbial modifier).
Sentences can be classified according to the purpose of the utterance/sentence. It shows whether the sentence is presented as a statement or a question. They are:
Declarative sentence. It states a fact in the affirmative or negative form.
e.g. She was waiting for her husband.
I still couldn’t think why I didn’t see her.
Interrogative sentence. An interrogative sentence asks a question. It is formed
by means of inversion. There are four kinds of questions:
a). General questions requiring the answer “yes” or “no” and spoken with a rising intonation. (Do you like art?)
b). Special questions beginning with an interrogative word spoken with a falling intonation. (Where do you live?)
c). Alternative questions indicating choice and spoken with a rising intonation in the first part and a falling intonation in the second part. (Do you live in town or in the country?)
d). Disjunctive questions requiring the answer “yes” or “no” and consisting of an affirmative statement followed by a negative question, or a negative statement followed by an affirmative question. The first part is spoken with falling intonation, the second – with rising. (You speak English, don’t you?)
The imperative sentence serves to introduce a person to do something, or it
expresses a command, an order, a request or an invitation (Come to the blackboard, please).
The exclamatory sentence expresses some kind of emotion or feeling. It often
begins with what, how and is spoken with a falling intonation (What a lovely day!).
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