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Linguistic typology is a subfield of linguistics that studies and classifies languages according to their structural and functional features. Its aim is to describe and explain the common properties and the structural diversity of the world's languages. It includes three subdisciplines: qualitative typology, which deals with the issue of comparing languages and within-language variance; quantitative typology, which deals with the distribution of structural patterns in the world’s languages; and theoretical typology, which explains these distributions.
qualitative typology, which deals with the issue of comparing languages and within-language variance;
quantitative typology, which deals with the distribution of structural patterns in the world’s languages;
theoretical typology, which explains these distributions.
There is the huge number of language in the world. Every of these languages have individual attributes and this attributes distinguish from other languages on the one hand. On the other hand have general attributes with other languages which unite the languages.
For typological research we take any attribute, for example, presence or absence of a category of a grammatical gender we shall receive classification of languages to this attribute
The grouping of languages on the basis of this attribute already is a grouping on the basis of one language attribute and allocates the typological characteristic of corresponding languages.
26. Typology of phonologic systems of compared languages. When we talk about the phonological system of English, we are referring to the number of phonemes which are used in this language, and to how they are organized. To say there are twelve pure vowel sounds in English means that there are twelve units which can differentiate word meanings: short /I/ is different from long /i:/, for example, because there are pairs of words (such as ship and sheep) which can be distinguished solely by replacing one of these vowels by the other. This means that the twelve pure vowels we are are going to deal with in this topic owe their existence to this principle.
There are more vowels in the English phonological system (12 pure vowels) than in the Spanish one (5 pure vowels). There are also more diphthongs in English than in Spanish. English vowel sounds are “phonemes” that is a minimum unit of distinctive sound-feature and therefore they carry meaning. Students
of English Language need to be aware of this (different number of vowel in English) and get as much closely as possible to pronunciation, accuracy which will guarantee no break in communication. This is specially important for what is called "minimal pairs", that is, two or more different meanings depending on the accuracy in pronouncing their different phonemes. For example: sheep-ship, fool-full, cat-cut-cart. So whenever we are teaching English for communication, these minimal pairs should be emphasized. Spanish is a syllable-timed language. This means that every syllable is produced by an expulsion of air from the lungs. At the same time muscles may or may not move. When they do, they give more emphasis to that syllable. Syllable-timed languages organise the expulsion of air so that it is regularly spaced and every syllable
occupies more or less the same amount of time; the distance between unstressed syllables and stressed ones depend on the number of syllables that intervene. On the contrary, English is a stress-timed language. This means that the muscle movement are organised according to stressed syllables. The relative stress of words in a sentence depends on their relative importance: the more important a word is, the stronger is its stress. In the absence of special emphasis, the most important words are: nouns, adjectives, main verbs, interrogative pronouns and adverbs. When all the words are equally important, they all have strong stress.
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