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Borrowings in English and second foreign language.

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Loanwords are words adopted by the speakers of one language from a different language (the source language). A loanword can also be called a borrowing. Examples of loan words in English include: café, bazaar, and kindergarten. Curiously, the word loanword is itself a calque of the German term Lehnwort, while the term calque is a loanword from French.

They simply come to be used by a speech community that speaks a different language from the one they originated in.Borrowing is a consequence of cultural contact between two language communities. Borrowing of words can go in both directions between the two languages in contact, but often there is an asymmetry, such that more words go from one side to the other. In this case the source language community has some advantage of power, prestige and/or wealth that makes the objects and ideas it brings desirable and useful to the borrowing language community. For example, the Germanic tribes in the first few centuries A.D. adopted numerous loanwords from Latin as they adopted new products via trade with the Romans. Few Germanic words, on the other hand, passed into Latin.The actual process of borrowing is complex and involves many usage events (i.e. instances of use of the new word). Generally, some speakers of the borrowing language know the source language too, or at least enough of it to utilize the relevant words. They adopt them when speaking the borrowing language. If they are bilingual in the source language, which is often the case, they might pronounce the words the same or similar to the way they are pronounced in the source language. For example, English speakers adopted the word garage from French, at first with a pronunciation nearer to the French pronunciation than is now usually found. Presumably the very first speakers who used the word in English knew at least some French and heard the word used by French speakers.However, in time more speakers can become familiar with a new foreign word. The community of users can grow to the point where even people who know little or nothing of the source language understand, and even use the novel word themselves. The new word becomes conventionalized. At this point we call it a borrowing or loanword. (Not all foreign words do become loanwords; if they fall out of use before they become widespread, they do not reach the loanword stage.)It is part of the cultural history of English speakers that they have always adopted loanwords from the languages of whatever cultures they have come in contact with.

 

Examples of loanwords from a dominant field of activity:

Arts – Most of the technical vocabulary of classical music (e.g., concerto, allegro, tempo, aria, opera, soprano) is borrowed from Italian, and that of ballet from French.

Business – English exports terms to other languages in business and technology (examples le meeting to French).

Philosophy – many technical terms, including the term philosophy itself, derive from Greek dominance in philosophy, mathematics, linguistics, economic theory and political theory in Roman times. Examples include democracy, theory and so on.

Religion – religions may carry with them a large number of technical terms from the language of the originating culture. For example:

Arabic (Islam) – hijab

Greek (Christianity) – baptisma has entered many languages, e.g. English baptism.

Hebrew (Judaism) – Some terms in the Hebrew Bible have been carried into other languages as borrowings rather than translated. For example Hebrew shabbat ("day of rest" שַׁבָּת) has been borrowed into most languages in the world: in Greek the word is Σάββατο; Latin sabbatum; Spanish and Portuguese sábado; and in English Sabbath. The major exceptions are languages like Chinese, Japanese and Korean where Chinese characters used and words are often translated rather than transliterated; for example, "Sabbath" is translated as "(peaceful) rest day" (安息日, Mandarin: ān xī rì, Japanese an soku jitsu, Korean an sig il) rather than transliterated.

Latin (Catholicism) – missa and communio have entered English as mass and communion.

Sanskrit (Hinduism) – guru (teacher)

Science (Latin) – medicine (itself a Latin loanword) uses a large vocabulary of Latin terms (e.g. sternum, appendix), as a result of medieval advances in medical science being conducted in Latin – even if some of the earliest Latin medical texts were translations from Greek and Arabic.

 




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