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Accents or stress in English and second foreign language.

Читайте также:
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  9. English version.

This article is about the phonology of the Standard German, that is to say the standard pronunciation or accent. It deals with current phonology and phonetics as well as with historical developments thereof as well as the geographical variants and the influence of German dialects.While the spelling of German is officially standardized by an international organization (the Council for German Orthography) the pronunciation has no official standard and relies on a de facto standard documented in reference works such as Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch (German Pronunciation Dictionary) by Eva-Maria Krech and the training materials of radio and television stations such as Westdeutscher Rundfunk and Deutschlandfunk. This standardized pronunciation was invented, rather than coming from any particular German-speaking city, however it is closest to the German spoken in Hanover. Standard German is sometimes referred to as Bühnendeutsch (stage German), but the latter has its own definition and is slightly different.Stress in German usually falls on the first syllable, with the following exceptions:Many loanwords, especially proper names, keep their original stress. E.g. Obama /oˈbaː.ma/Nouns formed with Latinate suffixes, such as -ant, -anz, -enz, -ion, -ismus, -ist, -ment, -tät: Idealismus /iːdeː.aːˈlɪsmʊs/ 'idealism', Konsonant /kɔnzoːˈnant/ 'consonant', Tourist /tuːˈʁɪst/ 'tourist'.Verbs formed with the Latinate suffix -ieren, e.g. studieren /ʃtuˈdiːʁən/ 'to study'. This is often pronounced /iːɐ̯n/ in casual speech.

Compound adverbs, with her, hin, da, or wo as their first syllable part, receive stress on their second syllable, e.g. dagegen /daˈgeːgən/ 'on the other hand', woher /voˈheːɐ̯/ 'from where'Moreover, German makes a distinction in stress between separable prefixes (stress on prefix) and inseparable prefixes (stress on root) in verbs and words derived from such verbs. Therefore:Words beginning with be-, ge-, er-, ver-, zer-, ent-, emp- and a few others receive stress on the second syllable.Words beginning with ab-, auf-, ein-, vor-, and most other prepositional adverbs receive stress on their first syllable.Some prefixes, notably über-, unter-, um-, and durch-, can function as separable or inseparable prefixes, and are stressed and unstressed accordingly.Rarely, two homographs with such prefixes are formed. They are not strictly homophones. Consider the word, umschreiben. As um•schreiben (separable prefix), it means 'to rewrite', and is pronounced [ˈʔʊmʃʀaɪ̯bən], and its associated noun, die Umschreibung also receives stress on the first syllable - [ˈʔʊmʃʀaɪ̯bʊŋ]. On the other hand, umschreiben (inseparable prefix) is pronounced [ʔʊmˈʃʀaɪ̯bən]. This word means 'to circumscribe', and its associated noun, die Umschreibung ('circumscription') also receives stress on the second syllable - [ʔʊmˈʃʀaɪ̯bʊŋ]. Another example is the word umfahren.




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