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Sound systems of English and second foreign language.

Comparing, with a view of an establishment of typological similarity or distinction, phonologic systems of two languages, we can easily be convinced, that they appear various in order attitudes and first of all concerning structure, quality and quantity of phonemes available in them or as it is accepted to speak, concerning stock of phonemes. So, in Russian the system of phonemes consists of 35 consonants and 6 vowel phonemes. Closely related to Russian the Ukrainian language has 44 consonants and 6 vowel phonemes.

The modern Icelandic language which has allocated from Old Norwegian language in X century, has system of consonants in structure of 22 phonemes while closely related to it the Norwegian language has 18 consonants phonemes.

Table № 1

For Russian are characteristic: 1) phonetic alternations representing realization operating in this language the law: neutralizations of sonorous phonemes, for example, труд / трут /- труды; in German Zug /tsu:k/ -Zьge /tsy:gә/; in other German languages this type of alternation is absent; 2) historical, or traditional, alternations: in Russian they arise as result or reflection of the phonetic processes operated during earlier periods of history of Russian, for example, г - ж: могу – можем, сидеть – сижу; in English language historical alternations are used in word forms of the same lexemes, and also at formation of the words belonging other part of speech: seize /si:z/ - seizure /'si:Зә/.

At last, in a complex of the attributes entering into number of criteria, serving for definition of typology of languages at a phonologic level, it is necessary to include and those functions which carry out these or those classes of phonemes in structure of the given language.

In Semitic languages, for example, Arabian, the basic lexical value is transferred with consonants, as for example, s-n-d-q сундук, and vowels express grammatic categories, for example, a category of number:-andiq сундук, cunduq сундуки (мн. ч.) or a category of the mortgage: k-t-b писать, ' kataba он писал, ' kutiba он был написан.

In Turkic languages public phonemes not only do not bear any grammatic loading, but on the contrary carry out exclusively the basic distinctive function; compare Turkic. kol рука, kul раб, kal останься, kьl уголь, etc.

Summing up, we can tell, that we have established those parameters as which it is possible to consider typologically defining on a phonologic level: 1) quantitative and qualitative systems of phonemes, 2) quantity and quality of oppositions and correlations, 3) cases of neutralization of phonemes, 4) force of opposition, 5) distribution of phonemes, 6) functions of phonemes in a word.