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The grammar translation method is a method of teaching foreign languages derived from the classical method of teaching Greek and Latin. A fundamental purpose of teaching the target language through the GTM is to be able to read literature written in the target language. This purpose can be reached by learning about the grammar rules and vocabulary of the target language. Principally, the GTM focuses on translating grammatical forms, memorizing vocabulary, learning rules. Even though the method may be considered more as a technique rather a method. The principles of the GTM are these:
1. Grammar rules are presented and studies explicitly. Grammar is taught deductively and then practiced through translation exercises.
2. The primary skills to be developed are reading and writing.
3. Hardly any attention is paid to speaking and listening skills.
4. Teacher correction is the only way to make students produce the right forms of the foreign language.
5. The goal of foreign language learning is the ability to understand the texts written in the foreign language.
6. Vocabulary is learnt from bilingual word lists.
7. The mother tongue is used as the medium of instruction.
8. A paramount use of translation exercises is given.
Language learners are not expected to be able to use the target language for communication. No class time is allocated to allow language learners to produce their own sentences and little time is spent on oral practice.
Diane Larsen-Freeman, in her book Techniques and Principles in Language Teaching (1986:13) provides expanded descriptions of some common/typical techniques closely associated with the Grammar Translation Method.
Technuques:
1) Translation of a Literary Passage (Translating target language to native language)
3) Antonyms/Synonyms (Finding antonyms and synonyms for words or sets of words).
4) Cognates (Learning spelling/sound patterns that correspond between L1 and the target language)
5) Deductive Application of Rule (Understanding grammar rules and their exceptions, then applying them to new examples)
6) Fill-in-the-blanks (Filling in gaps in sentences with new words or items of a particular grammar type).
7) Memorization (Memorizing vocabulary lists, grammatical rules and grammatical paradigms)
8) Use Words in Sentences (Students create sentences to illustrate they know the meaning and use of new words)
9) Composition (Students write about a topic using the target language)
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