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The history of the Bryansk land goes back to the end of the 10th century. The Prince Vladimir I from Kiev wished to subordinate tribes of Vyatichi and began erecting towns along the Desna, the Vostra, the Trubezheva, the Sula and the Stugna. In 985 Bryansk which also played a role of the center of distribution Christianity was built as a fortress town. In 1147 Prince Svyatoslav Olgovich expelled from Kiev conquered the Bryansk land. After Tartars' route of Chernigov and death of its Prince Michail his son Prince Roman moved to Bryansk and based his princely throne. At the beginning of the 14th century Bryansk was ruined by Tartars and then got under authority of the great Lithuanian Princedom. Only in 1500 Bryansk was returned to Russia and its inhabitants swore on fidelity to Moscow.
The industrial development of the region began in the 16th century when the first iron-producing factories appeared there. In the 1730s Peter I founded a ship-yard which began to build “bryansky” small boats and four-cannon brigantines. In 1785 the Bryansk Arsenal was commissioned. In the 18th century a number of glass-producing factories appeared in the north-west of the region. At the beginning of the 19th century textile industry began to develop near the town of Klintsy. Timber-processing factories appeared in the north-east of the region. The traditional branches of industry were based on local raw materials.
The Bryansk region was formed on the 5th of July 1944. The region is situated in the western part of the Great Russian Plain and occupies the territory of 34,900 square km. It stretches 270 km from west to east and 240 km from north to south.The Bryansk region borders in the south on the Ukraine (the Chernigov and Sumy regions), in the west Belorussia (the Gomel and Mogilev regions), in the north on the Kaluga and Smolensk regions, in the east and south-east on the Oryol and Kursk regions of the RF.
The population is 1,429,000 people. About 69% of population is urban. There are 27 districts, 16 towns and 31 settlements of the town type in the region.
The region is located in the southern-taiga and sub-taiga natural zones, the extreme sourth-eastern part – in the zone of forest-steppe. Soils are mainly turffy-podsol, partly swamped. The region has a temperate and continental climate with warm summers and cold winters.
The region is well-known for its woods and forests which occupy one third of the total area. There are both needleleaf and broadleaf forests as well as mixed ones. A lot of different animals and birds such as grey hare, fox, pole cat, elk, squirrel and rodents live there. There is also a famous reserve named “The Bryansk Wood”.
There are 166 large and small rivers on the territory of the region. The longest among them are the Desna (1,187 km), the Iput and the Besed. There are 49 large natural lakes in the region. The largest ones are Besdonnoye, Krugloye, Svyatoye.
The main industrial centres are Bryansk, Klinzy, Dyatkovo and Novozybkov. At present the main industries are machine-building, instrument engineering, chemical and food processing. There are 288 industrial enterprises, 148 joint-stock companies in the region.
The region has automobile, railway and air transport. There is a new international airport there.
Another important branch of the economy is agriculture. Agricultural lands occupy about 73% of the total area. The leading branch is crop-growing. Farmers grow different crops: potatoes, feed-crops (winter-wheat, rye, spring barley, corn, buckwheat) and industrial crops (flax, sugar-beet, tobacco). Crop-growing is closely connected with livestock-breeding. There are cattle-breeding, pig-breeding, sheep-breeding and poultry-breeding farms. They produce milk, beef, pork, mutton, chicken-meat and eggs.
The Bryansk region has a lot of environmental problems. These are air, water and land pollution, soil erosion and extinction of wildlife. The main task of our time is nature protection: rational use, reproduction and conservation of natural resources, protection of the natural environment from pollution and destruction.
At present Bryansk is a large industrial, cultural and educational centre. Its total area is 226 sq. km. The population is 484, 000 people. There are 4 high schools, the regional drama theatre, the Puppet theatre, the circus, colleges, gymnasiums and secondary schools in Bryansk. It has also 7 music and art schools, the Exhibition Hall of the Union of Russian Artists, more than 200 libraries with a total fund of over 7 Mio books. There are also many museums. The most popular of them is the Tolstoy Park-Museum which is known for its unique collection of wooden sculptures fashioned from dead tree trunks.
Bryansk is a city of War and Partizan Glory. There are a lot of memorials in the Bryansk region, among them the Partizans’ Memorial on Partizan Square commemorating the soldiers of the Sovjet Army and partisans who liberated the region from the fashist invanders during the Great Patriotic War, the Partizan Glade, the Monument to army drivers and others.
The historical monuments of the region are the Svyato-Svensky Monastry in Bryansk, the Trinity Cathedral from 15-18th century in Trubchevsk, the Museum of Crystal in Dyatkovo, the Museum-Country of the poet and play-writer A.K.Tolstoy in Krasny Rog, the House-Museum of the poet F.I.Tyutchev whose house was disassembled in 1913 and completely restored in 1980. Novozybcov is one of the centres of Old Belief.
The names of Alexander Peresvet – the hero of Kulikovo Fight, Anastasiya Vjaltseva – the singer, G.L.Roshalj and S.I Samsonov – the film producers are connected with the Bryansk Land.
I’m very proud of my region.
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