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Meaning of the category, meanings of the members
Opposition of forms – inflectional binary privative: e.g. … … …
Tense and Aspect
Peculiarities: Aspect and lexical meaning of the verb
1) dynamic vs stative
durative (unlimitive) vs limitive
2)Activity verbs – write
Process – grow
Bodily sensation – hurt
Transitional event – arrive, die
Momentary – hit, nod, jump
With each of the subgroups the meaning of cont. forms changes and may become different from the categorial meaning of the form.
E.g. activity & process verbs in Cont. denote incomplete action;
momentaryverbs – repetition
He kicked the ball – He was kicking the ball
Aspect is a language specific grammatical category.
Topic 4
THE CATEGORIES OF VOICE AND MOOD
The category of voice
Opposition of forms
Types of opposition
Meanings of the members
Meaning of the category
Peculiarities:
1) Phil hurt Mary S/agent à O
Mary was hurt by Phil O ß S/agent
He hurt himself ??? - 1
2) Tom greeted Bob S/agent à O
Bob was greeted by Tom O ß S/agent
They greeted each other ??? - 2
3) I opened the door S/agent à O
The door was opened by me O ß S/agent
The door opened ??? – 3
à Three more moods: reflexive, reciprocal and middle. BUT! <......... >
(memo: recall the features of an analytical form)
The category of mood
<… … … >
Meaning of the category – … … …
Opposition:
Meanings of the members of the opposition:
facts – non-facts
real actions – direct imperative – problematic actions – unreal/hypothetic actions
Moods: Indicative – Imperative – Subjunctive (?!)
a set of one form a set of moods which
forms: have forms of:
tense aspect
person & number order
aspect voice
order person (just 1 obl.md)
prospect
voice
Topic 5
MAIN UNIYS OF SYNTAX
Phrase. syntactic relations
elements are equal in rank elements are not equal in rank
Come and go blue sky the girl smiled
adjunct + kernel/
modifier + modified
Coordination
Subordination interdependence
the roof of the house – a sub. noun phrase
the roof of the house is red = the roof is red
the city of Minsk – ???
I live in the city of Minsk ≠ I live in the city
but = I live in Minsk
An appositive phrase
Means of expressing syntactic relations
• … e.g. cannon ball N + N
• … e.g. the category of aspect N + of + N
• … e.g. warm and nice Adj + and + Adj
• … e.g. Bob’s car N’s + N
• … e.g. speak softly V + Adv
Syntactic links:
1.? – e.g. this day – those days
2.? – e.g. (He) sees her, (She) meets him
3.? – e.g. happy life, give advice, widely known
4.? – e.g. the then government, (I) have never cried
5.? – e.g. a book of poetry, rain or snow
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