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International trade is the exchange of goods and services between different countries. Depending on what a country produces and needs, it can export (sell goods to another country) and import (buy goods from another country). Governments can control international trade. The most common measures are tariffs (or duties) and quotas. A tariff is a tax on imported goods, and a quota is the maximum quantity of a product allowed into a country during a certain period of time. These measures are protectionist as they raise the price of imported goods to «protect» domestically produced goods.
International organizations such as the WTO (World Trade Organization) regulate tariffs and reduce trade restrictions between member countries.
Companies can choose various methods to establish their products in a foreign market. One option is to start by working with local experts such as sales agents or distributors, who have the knowledge of the market and sell on behalf of the company. This often leads to the company opening a local branch or sales office. Another option is to sell patents and licenses, or give permission to use patents and licenses for their products. Companies may wish to start by manufacturing in the export market, in which case they can either set up a local subsidiary or a joint venture with a local partner.
Answer the questions:
1. What is international trade?
2. What is understood under the term «export»?
3. What is import?
4. Are there any measures to control international trade?
5. What are the methods to establish products in a foreign market?
Вариант III.
I. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык. Определите в каждом из них видовременную форму и залог глагола.
1. The draft bill has been turned down by central authorities.
2. The driver was deprived of his driver’s license because of the infringement of the law.
3. The abstract journal which deals with the mechanical production is released every month.
4. Hot water is provided by the hotel 24 hour a day.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения слов IT, THAT, ONE.
1. The neighbour noted the weather was not that bad as it had been announced in the report the day before.
2. The newly opened health center turned out to be not so popular in the neighbourhood as the one opened a few years ago.
3. It’s a great privilege for Russia to host Football World Cup in 2018.
4. As soon as my vacation began I suggested that our family take a trip to Spain.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов TO BE, TO HAVE, TO DO.
1. President elections are to be conducted in a year.
2. One of our coworkers has gotten ill, so all his duties have to be distributed between all the rest people in the office.
3. All necessary preparations must be done one day before the experiment starts.
4. This man is always doing something to make himself notorious.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.
1. Some amendments the government had made in the law turned out a failure.
2. Such great success the company has managed to make for the past years is due to the sponsors support.
3. When the Police was questioning the witness he denied the suspect had been seen in the restaurant that night.
4. When he gave his plastic card to the wife he couldn’t even think she would be able to spend so much money.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.
1. Our university professor is thought to be honest and kind.
2. The last director of our works is known to be the best one.
3. To become a successful person you should first develop self-discipline.
4. At that moment I was happy to have found another better-paid job.
VI. Прочитайте и письменно переведите следующий текст. Письменно ответьте на вопросы после текста.
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