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TRAIT THEORIES IN PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY

1. Personality psychology studies personality based on theories of individual differences. One emphasis in this area is so construct a coherent picture of a person and his or her major psychological processes. Another emphasis views personality as the study of individual differences, in other words, how people differ from each other. A third area of emphasis examines human nature and how all people are similar to one another. These three viewpoints merge together in the study of personality.

2. Personality can be defined as a dynamic and organized set of characteristic possessed by a person that uniquely influences his or her cognitions, motivations, and behaviours in various situations. Critics of personality theory claim though that personality is “plastic” across time, places, moods, and situations. However, most personality theories emphasize stability over fluctuation.

3. Consequently, personality traits can be defined as enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and oneself that are exhibited in a wide range of social and personal contexts. Psychologists assume that these traits which are relatively stable over time and differ among individuals (e.g. some people are outgoing while others are shy) influence and predetermine people’s behaviour in the greatest possible degree.

4. Trait models in psychology have been criticized as being purely descriptive and offering little explanation of the underlying causes of a person’s behaviour. Another potential weakness with trait theories is that they lead people to accept oversimplified classifications, or worse offer advice, based on a superficial analysis of one’s personality. Finally, trait models often underestimate the effect of specific situations on people’s behaviour. It is important to remember that traits are statistical generalizations that do not always correspond to an individual’s behaviour.

Определите, является ли утверждение:

Many of the ideas developed by the historical and modern personality psychologists stem from basic philosophical assumptions they hold.

1) в тексте нет информации

2) истинным

3) ложным

ЗАДАНИЕ 28 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Определите, является ли утверждение:

Personality psychology studies a person, his or her major psychological processes as well as similarities and differences between people.

1) истинным

2) в тексте нет информации

3) ложным

ЗАДАНИЕ 29 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Определите, является ли утверждение:

Trait models in psychology have undergone criticism and some drawbacks have been found.

1) в тексте нет информации

2) ложным

3) истинным

ЗАДАНИЕ 30 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Определите, является ли утверждение:

A personality is stable and doesn’t pass through any transitions.

1) в тексте нет информации

2) ложным

3) истинным

ЗАДАНИЕ 31 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:

Personality’s dynamism is a source of criticism of trait theories in psychology.

1) 4 2) 1

3) 2 4) 3

ЗАДАНИЕ 32 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:

People’s behaviour in a particular situation doesn’t depend only on their individual traits, but also on the situation itself.

1) 4 2) 3

3) 1 4) 2

ЗАДАНИЕ 33 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Ответьте на вопрос:

What is the connection between a person’s traits and his or her behaviour in a particular situation?

1) Personality traits influence a person’s behaviour, but depends on the situation.

2) There’s no connection between a person’s behaviour and his or her personality characteristics.

3) The situations in which people find themselves fully define their behaviour which has nothing to do with personality characteristics.

4) People’s behaviour is fully predetermined by their personality traits.

ЗАДАНИЕ 34 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Определите основную идею текста

1) Psychologists argue about the basic aspects of human nature.

2) A person is a complex phenomenon.

3) Trait theories are valuable for personality psychology but can’t fully explain a person’s behaviour.

4) It will never be possible to perceive the relationship between human personality and behaviour.

TEST 4

ЗАДАНИЕ 1 Выберите один вариант ответа

If you are ____ you run your own small business.

1) unemployed 2) employee

3) runner 4) self-employed

ЗАДАНИЕ 2 Выберите один вариант ответа

A ____ implies struggle and sufferings without complaining of hardships at attainment.

1) aim 2) purpose

3) objective 4) goal

ЗАДАНИЕ 3 Выберите один вариант ответа

____ is the process by which you recognize and understand things.

1) Learning 2) Development

3) Cognition 4) Knowledge

ЗАДАНИЕ 4 Выберите один вариант ответа

____ is a branch of psychotherapy that works with couples.

1) Play therapy 2) Psychoanalysis

3) Counseling 4) Family therapy

ЗАДАНИЕ 5 Выберите один вариант ответа

Helen’s mind is filled with all kinds of ____.

1) knowledge 2) know

3) knowing 4) knowledges

ЗАДАНИЕ 6 Выберите один вариант ответа

Why are you alone? Where are the ____?

1) another 2) others

3) other 4) all

ЗАДАНИЕ 7 Выберите один вариант ответа

This book is ____ as yours.

1) as interesting 2) more interesting

3) interesting 4) the most interesting

ЗАДАНИЕ 8 Выберите один вариант ответа

____ Buckingham Palace is situated not far from ____ Trafalgar Square and ____ National Gallery.

1) -; the; the 2) the; the; the

3) the; -; the 4) -; -; the

ЗАДАНИЕ 9 Выберите один вариант ответа

They arrived ____ the airport on time.

1) at 2) in

3) to 4) towards

ЗАДАНИЕ 10 Выберите один вариант ответа

He went out ____ of the fact that he had a bad cold.

1) so that 2) unless

3) as 4) in spite

ЗАДАНИЕ 11 Выберите один вариант ответа

She ____ the film when she ____ a teenager.

1) had seen; was 2) was seeing; was

3) saw; had been 4) saw; was

ЗАДАНИЕ 12 Выберите один вариант ответа

____ the key we couldn’t get into the flat.

1) Loosing 2) Lost

3) To have lost 4) Having lost

ЗАДАНИЕ 13 Выберите один вариант ответа

Because I was ill and away from University, I have fallen ____ with my studies.

1) behind 2) for

3) on 4) out

ЗАДАНИЕ 14 Выберите один вариант ответа

____ I cross the street now? – No, you ____. There’s a red light shining.

1) Can; can’t 2) May; mustn’t

3) Must; needn’t 4) Will; shouldn’t

ЗАДАНИЕ 15 Выберите наиболее подходящий вариант ответа

Your sister: I’ve got a high temperature.

You: _______________________

1) Go to the doctor then. 2) Oh, dear. You’d better call a doctor.

3) Never mind. 4) Will you repeat it, please?

ЗАДАНИЕ 16 Выберите наиболее подходящий вариант ответа

Sally: Would you like to come to the party on Saturday May 15th at 7 p.m.?

Jim: __________________________

1) Really? 2) Thank you for the invitation. Yes, I’d like to.

3) Sure. 4) I must think it over.

ЗАДАНИЕ 17 Выберите наиболее подходящий вариант ответа

An interviewer: Why do you want to change jobs now?

You: _____________________

1) I want a better job. 2) You see, I’d like to get a promotion.

3) I like this area very much. 4) I need more money.

ЗАДАНИЕ 18 Выберите наиболее подходящий вариант ответа

Ted: Thank you for the trouble you’ve taken.

Mike: ______________________________

1) I’ll do everything you asked me. 2) No trouble at all.

3) What’s the trouble? 4) Yes, certainly.

ЗАДАНИЕ 19 Выберите один вариант ответа

The Romans settled down to colonizing the city which they called ____.

1) London 2) Londinium

3) the City 4) Westminster

ЗАДАНИЕ 20 Выберите один вариант ответа

The USA is known as a country of immigrants and that’s why called ____.

1) the melting pot 2) the big apple

3) the soup bowl 4) the big cup

ЗАДАНИЕ 21 Выберите один вариант ответа

The ____ is Canada’s largest geographical feature, it is considered to be the nucleus of the North American continent and is made up of roots of ancient mountains.

1) Shield 2) Cordillera

3) Prairies 4) Arctic

ЗАДАНИЕ 22 Выберите один вариант ответа

____ (1881–1955), Scottish biologist and pharmacologist, discovered penicillin.

1) Sir William Harvey 2) Sir Alexander Fleming

3) Linus Carl Pauling 4) Edward Jenner

ЗАДАНИЕ 23 Расположите части делового письма в правильном порядке

1) Bunbery Estate Builders

17 Fen Road

London ES3 5AP

12 March 2010

2) Yours faithfully

3) Dear Sirs

4) Waltson Ltd

23 Snow Street

Birmingham FN3 9YM

England

5) With regards to your advertisement in the Builders Journal of 3 March, we would ask you to forward a quotation for the new bathroom showers specified.

As building constructors we erect about hundred houses a year. If your equipment meets our requirements, and we get a favourable offer, we would place a large order with you.

ЗАДАНИЕ 24 Перед Вами конверт. Соотнесите информацию под определенным номером на конверте с тем, что она обозначает.

A) the addressee’s company name

B) the ZIP Code in the mailing address

C) the town the letter comes from

D) the addressee

E) the ZIP Code in the return address

F) the street name in the mailing address

ЗАДАНИЕ 25 Определите, к какому виду делового документа относится представленный ниже отрывок

1) CV 2) Advertisement

3) Application 4) Offer

ЗАДАНИЕ 26 Выберите слова или сочетания слов для заполнения пропусков так, чтобы они отражали особенности оформления факса

Thank you for your enquiry about our new executive range of office telephones. As requested, I am faxing pp. 36 – 38 of our current catalogue, featuring the most recent additions to our range. The complete catalogue follows by post.

I look forward to hearing your feedback and a successful future cooperation between our companies.

Yours sincerely (4).

A) Page/s B) To

C) Fred Sullivan D) Fax No.

Sales Manager

ЗАДАНИЕ 27 (выберите один вариант ответа)

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