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The distributional model (Ch.Fries «The Structure of English», 1952.
The sentence structure is described as a sequence of words of this-or-that part of speech reference used in this-or-that form
The old man saw a black dog there
D 3 1 a 2d D 3 1 b 4
It was used to identify parts of speech:
4 main positions in the sentence à 4 classes of words: class 1, class 2, class 3, class 4
Plus-points: … … …
Weak points: … … …
Types of distribution
| Type of distribution | Plane of expression | Plane of content (meaning) | Position / environment |
| Contrastive | … | … | same |
| e.g. … … … | |||
| … (~ free variants of the same model / morpheme) | different | … | … |
| e.g. … … … | |||
| Complementary (~ allomorphs of the same morpheme) | … | same | … |
| e.g. … … … |
IC-model
The principle used − … … …
The constituents: … … …
The typical representations / schemes: … … …
Old men and children often stay alone
S
NP VP
Old men and children often stay alone
NP N Adv. VP
Old men conj. children often stay alone
Adj. N V Adj.
Old men stay alone
Adj. N conj. N Adv. V. Adj.
The transformational model
Kernel sentences + transformations =
Types of transformations
One-base transformations … - base transformations
1. 1.
2. 2.
3.
4.
5.
Transformational history
She made him a good husband ÷ She made him a good wife
SEMANTIC STRUCTURE
Semantic model of analysis is rooted in:
Valency theories – L. Tésniere Eléments de syntaxe structurale (1959)
Case Grammar – first introduced by the representatives of generative grammar.
Case Grammar was devised by Charles Fillmore − The Case for Case (1968), The Case for Case Reopened (1977)
Semantic classifications of verbs – W.Chafe Meaning and Structure of Language (1975)
Upgrading of the theory – … … …
Semantically the sentence was described (Ch.Fillmore) as S = Proposition + modality
Proposition is … … …
Modality – … … …
Sentences name situations / events.
Elements of the situation and members of the proposition
Participants à Arguments
Types of arguments / deep cases / semantic roles: … … …
Processes à Semantic predicates
Types of semantic predicates: … … …
Semantic predicates and semantic arguments − frames
Correlation of syntactic and semantic structures of the sentence:
Bob opened the door with the key
synt. subj. obj. prep. obj.
sem. agent object instrument
The key opened the door
synt. subj. object
sem. instrument object
Tom knows the answer
synt. subj. object
sem. experiencer phenomenon
Topic 7
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