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Multiple oval ulcers along the intestine were revealed on autopsy of the person, who died
from diffuse of peritonitis in the distant part of the small intestine. Bottom parts of the
ulcers are clear, smooth, formed with muscular or serous covering, edges of ulcers are
flat, rounded. There are perforations up to 0,5 cm in diameter in two ulcers. What diseasis
can be diagnosed?
A Typhoid fever
B Dysentery
C Cholera
D Tuberculosis
E Typhus
Patient suffering from trombophlebitis of the deep veins suddenly died. Autopsy has shown
freely lying red friable masses with dim crimped surface in the trunk and bifurcation of the
pulmonary artery. What pathologic process was revealed by morbid anatomist?
A Tromboembolism
B Thrombosis
C Tissue embolism
D Embolism with foreign body
E Fat embolism
Examination of a patient revealed a dense, movable skin tumour that is standing out
distinctly from the surrounding tissues. Its section is found to be white and composed of
fibrous tissue. Microscopic examination revealed interlacing collagen fibers and few cells.
What tumour is it?
A Fibroma
B Myoma
C Histiocytoma
D Dermatofibroma
E Desmoid
A 50-year-old man has felt vague abdominal discomfort within past 4 months. Physical
examination revealed no lymphadenopathy, and no abdominal masses or organomegaly at
palpation. Bowel sounds are heard. An abdominal CT scan shows a 20 cm retroperitoneal
soft tissue mass obscuring the left psoas muscle. A stool specimen tested for occult blood
is negative. Which of the following neoplasms is this man most likely to have?
A Lipoma
B Melanoma
C Hamartoma
D Adenocarcinoma
E Lymphoma
A 40-year-old woman has had a feeling of abdominal discomfort for the past 8 months. On
pelvic examination, there is the right adnexal mass. Abdominal CT scan demonstrates a 7
cm cystic mass involving the right ovary with small areas of calcification. The uterus is
normal in size. The right fallopian tube and ovary have been removed surgically. Grossly,
the mass on sectioning is filled with abundant hair and sebum. Microscopically, the mass
has glandular spaces lined by columnar epithelium, squamous epithelium with hair follicles,
cartilage, and dense connective tissue. What type of tumour is it?
A Teratoma
B Squamous cell carcinoma of ovary
C Melanoma
D Sarcoma of ovary
E Metastase of cervical carcinoma
A man died 8 days after the beginning of the disease. He was diagnosed with dysentery. At
the autopsy it was found out a thickened wall of the sigma and rectum, fibrinous membrane
on the surface of mucous membrane. Histologically: there is a deep necrosis of mucous
membrane with infiltration of necrotic masses with fibrin. What kind of colitis does
correspond to the changes?
A Diphtheritic
B Catarrhal
C Ulcerative
D Chronic
E Gangrenous
A woman suffering from dysfunctional metrorrhagia was made a diagnostic abortion.
Histologically in the scrape there were a lot of small stamped glandulars covered with
multirowed epithelium. The lumens of some glandulars were cystically extended. Choose
the variant of general pathologic process in the endometrium.
A Glandular-cystic hyperplasia of endometrium
B Atrophy of endometrium
C Metaplasia of endometrium
D Neoplasm of endometrium
E Hypertrophic growth
A 46 year-old man complains of difficult nose breathing. Mikulich cells, storage of
epithelioid cells, plasmocytes, lymphocytes, hyaline balls are discovered in the biopsy
material of the nose thickening. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A Scleroma
B Virus rhinitis
C Allergic rhinitis
D Rhinovirus infection
E Meningococcal nasopharyngitis
Extensive thromboembolic infarction of the left cerebral hemispheres, large septic spleen,
immunocomplex glomerulonephritis, ulcers on the edges of the aortic valves, covered with
polypous thrombus with colonies of staphylococcus were revealed on autopsy of the
young man who died in coma. What disease caused cerebral thromboemboly?
A Septic bacterial endocarditis
B Septicemia
C Acute rheumatic valvulitis
D Septicopyemia
E Rheumatic thromboendocarditis
A patient ill with diabetes mellitus felt acute pain in his right foot. Objectively: foot thumb is
black, foot tissues are edematous, there are foci of epidermis desquamation, stinking
discharges. What clinicopathological form of necrosis is it?
A Moist gangrene
B Bedsore
C Sequestrum
D Dry gangrene
E Infarction
A denaturation of proteins can be found in some substances. Specify the substance that is
used for the incomplete denaturation of hemoglobin:
A Urea
B Toluene
C Sulfuric acid
D Nitric acid
E Sodium hydroxide
During surgery in a 17-year-old patient it was revealed the tumour of 4,5х5,0х3,5 sm in
size on the lower surface of the liver with subserose localization, of dark-red color.
On the section tumour has cavities with marked amount of blood. What is preliminary
diagnosis?
A Cavernous hemangioma
B Capillar hemangioma
C Hemangiopericytoma
D Hemangioendothelioma
E Lymphangioma
A sick man with high temperature and a lot of tiny wounds on the body has been admitted
to the hospital. Lice have been found in the folds of his clothing. What disease can be
suspected in the patient?
A Epidemic typhus
B Tularemia
C Scabies
D Malaria
E Plague
On autopsy it is revealed that kidneys are enlarged, surface is large-granular because of
multiple cavities with smooth wall, which are filled with clear fluid. What kidney disease did
the patient have?
A Polycystic kidney
B Necrotic nephrosis
C Pyelonephritis
D Glomerulonephritis
E Infarction
On autopsy it is revealed enlarged dense right lung, fibrin layers on the pleura. Lung
tissue is light green color on incision with muddy liqued exudates. What lung disease are
these symptoms typical for?
A Lung-fever
B Bronchopneumonia,
C Interstitial pneumonia
D Pulmonary gangreneі
E Fibrosing alveolitis
On autopsy it is revealed: soft arachnoid membrane of the upper parts of cerebral
hemisphere is plethoric, it is of yellowish-green color, soaked with purulent and fibrose
exudate, it lookes like cap. For what disease is it characteristical picture
A Meningococcal meningitis
B Tuberculous meningitis
C Influenza meningitis
D Meningitis at anthrax
E Meningitis at typhus
On autopsy of the 58-year-old man it is revealed: mitral valve is deformed, thickened, not
totally closed. Microscopically: centers of collagen fibers are eosinophilic, have positive
fibrin reaction. The most likely it is:
A Fibrinoid swelling
B Fibrinoid inflammation
C Mucoid swelling
D Hyalinosis
E Amyloidosis
Chronic inflammation and transformation of the one-layer ciliated epithelium into
multiple-layers flat epithelium was revealed in the thickened mucous membrane of the
bronchus bioptate of the patient with smoke abuse. Which of the processes is the most
likely?
A Metaplasia
B Hyperplasia of the epithelium
C Squamous cancer
D Leucoplacia
E Epithelium hypertrophy
For a long time a 49-year-old woman was suffering from glomerulonephritis which caused
death.On autopsy it was revealed that kidneys size was 7х3х2.5 sm, weight is 65,0 g, they
are dence and small-grained. Microscopically: fibrinogenous inflammation of serous and
mucous capsules, dystrophic changes of parenchymatous organs, brain edema. What
complication can cause such changes of serous capsules and inner organs?
A Uraemia
B Anemia
C Sepsis
D DIC-syndrome
E Thrombopenia
A patient died under conditions of cardiovascular insufficiency. Autopsy results:
postinfarction cardiosclerosis, myocardium hypertrophy and dilatation of its cavities,
especially of its right ventricle. Liver is enlarged, its surface is smooth, incision revealed
that it was plethoric, with dark-red specks against the background of brownish tissue.
Histologically: plethora of central parts of lobules; peritheral parts around portal tracts
contain hepatocytes in a state of adipose degeneration. How are these liver changes
called?
A Nutmeg liver
B Pseudonutmeg liver
C Amyloidosis
D Liver cirrhosis
E Liver steatosis
A 59-year-old man has signs of the parenchymatous jaundice and portal hypertension. On
histological examination of the puncture of the liver bioptate, it was revealed: beam-lobule
structure is affected, part of hepatocytes has signs of fat dystrophy, port-portal connective
tissue septa with formation of pseudo-lobules,with periportal lympho-macrophage
infiltrations. What is the most probable diagnosis?
A Liver cirrhosis
B Alcohol hepatitis
C Chronic hepatosis
D Viral hepatitis
E Toxic dystrophy
On microscopic examination of the enlarged neck gland of a 14-year-old girl it was
revealed destruction of the tissue structure of the node, absence of the lymph follicles,
sclerotic and necrosis parts, cell constitution of the node is polymorphous, lymphocites,
eosinophiles, atypical cells of the large size with multiple-lobule nuclei
(Beresovsky-Shternberg cells) and onenucleus cells of the large size are present. What is
the most likely diagnosis?
A Lymphogranulomatous
B Acute lympholeucosis
C Chronic lympholeucosis
D Berkitt's lymphoma
E Fungous mycosis
A female patient suffering from bronchial asthma had got a viral infection that provoked
status asthmaticus with fatal outcome. Histological examination of lungs revealed spasm
and edema of bronchioles, apparent infiltration of their walls with lymphocytes, eosinophils
and other leukocytes; labrocyte degranulation. What mechanism of hypersensitivity
underlies the described alterations?
A Reagin reaction
B Inflammatory
C Autoimmune
D Immune complex
E Immune cytolysis
On autopsy of the 40-year-old woman suffering from rheumatic arthritis, the enlarged solid
spleen was revealed. On section its tissue is of the mahogany color with enlarged follicles,
which look like semi-transparent grayish-whitish grains. What pathological process is the
most likely?
A Sago spleen
B Glaze spleen
C Waxy spleen
D Hyaline spleen
E Porphyric spleen
Local lymphonodules enlarged near the infected wound. Increased amount of
macrophages, lymphocytes, lymphatic follicles in the cortical layer and large amount of
plasma cells were revealed on histological examination. What process in the lymphatic
nodules represent these histological changes?
A Antigen stimulation
B Acquired insufficiency of the lymphoid tissue
C Innate insufficiency of the lymphoid tissue
D Tumour transformation
E Hypersensibility reaction
On autopsy of the man with alcohol abuse for a long time it was revealed: dense,
small-knobby, small size liver. Microscopically: small pseudo-lobules, divided with thin
layers of connective tissue with lymphomacrophagial infiltrates; hepatocytes in the state of
globular fatty dystrophy. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A Alcohol cirrhosis
B Chronic active alcohol hepatitis
C Chronic persistent alcohol hepatitis
D Toxic liver dystrophy
E Fatty hepatosis
An 8-year-old child was admitted to the infectious department with fever (up to $38^oC$)
and punctuate bright-red skin rash. The child was diagnosed as having scarlet fever.
Objectively: mucous membrane of pharynx is apparently hyperaemic and edematic, the
tonsils are enlarged and have dull yellowish-grey foci with some black areas. What
inflammation is the reason for the pharynx alterations?
A Purulent necrotic
B Fibrinous
C Haemorrhagic
D Serous
E Catarrhal
A 30-year-old patient with bacteriologically proved dysentery developed the signs of
paraproctitis. What is the stage of local changes in this patient?
A Ulceration stage
B Fibrinous colitis
C Follicular colitis
D Catarrhal colitis
E Healing of the ulcers stage
A patient who has been abusing tobacco smoking for a long time has got cough
accompanied by excretion of viscous mucus; weakness after minor physical stress, pale
skin. The patient has also lost 12,0 kg of body weight. Endoscopic examination of biosy
material his illness was diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma. Name a pathological
process that preceded formation of the tumour:
A Metaplasia
B Hypoplasia
C Hyperplasia
D Necrosis
E Sclerosis
Diagnostic scraping was performed to the woman with dysfunctional uterine bleeding.
Multiple convoluted glands, ganglially dilated cavities of some glands were revealed
histologically in the scrape. Name the type of general pathological process.
A Glandulo-gangliac hyperplasia
B Atrophy
C Metaplasia
D Displasia
E Hypertrophic excrescence
Tuberculine was injected intracutaneously to the child for tuberculin test. Marked
hyperemia, tissue infiltration developed on the place of injection in 24 hours. What
mechanism caused these modifications?
A Cells cytotoxity
B Reagin type cytotoxity
C Antibody cytotoxity
D Granuloma formation
E Immunocomplex cytotoxity
The intraoperational biopsy of mammal gland has revealed the signs of atypical tissue with
disorder of parenchyma stroma proportion with domination of the last, gland structures of
the different size and shape, lined with single-layer proliferative epithelium. What is the
most appropriate diagnosis?
A Fibroadenoma
B Papilloma
C Noninfiltrative cancer
D Infiltrative cancer
E Mastitis
Arterial hypertension, hyperglycemia, glucosuria were observed clinically for a long time in
the patient with upper type of obesity. Death was due to the cerebral haemorrhage.
Basophilic hypophysis adenoma, hyperplasia of adrenal gland cortex were revealed on
pathomorphological examination. What is the likely diagnosis?
A Cushing disease
B Diabetes mellitus
C Acromegaly
D Hypophysis nanism
E Adiposogenitalis dystrophy
On autopsy it was revealed: large (1-2 cm) brownish-red, easy crumbling formations
covering ulcerative defects on the external surface of the aortic valve. What is the most
likely diagnosis?
A Polypus-ulcerative endocarditis
B Recurrent warty endocarditis
C Acute warty endocarditis
D Fibroplastic endocarditis
E Diffusive endocarditis
Purulent endometritis with fatal outcome was progressing in the woman after abortion
performed not at the hospital. On autopsy multiple lung abscesses, subcapsule ulcers in
the kidneys, spleen hyperplasia were revealed. What form of sepsis developed in the
patient?
A Septopyemia
B Septicemia
C Chroniosepsis
D Lung sepsis
E Urosepsis
Autopsy of a 73-year-old man who had been suffering from the coronary heart disease
along with cardiac insufficiency for a long time revealed: nutmeg liver, brown induration of
lungs, cyanotic induration of kidneys and spleen. What kind of circulation disorder was the
cause of such effects?
A General chronic venous congestion
B Arterial hyperaemia
C General acute venous congestion
D Acute anaemia
E Chronic anaemia
A 22 year old patient from the West Ukraine complains of laboured nasal breathing.
Morphological examination of biopsy material of nasal mucous membrane revealed
lymphoid, epithelioid, plasma cells as well as Mikulicz's cells. What is the most probable
diagnosis?
A Rhinoscleroma
B Glanders
C Tuberculosis
D Leprosy
E Syphilis
Autopsy of a man who had been working as a miner for many years and died from
cardiopulmonary decompensation revealed that his lungs were airless, sclerosed, their
apexex had emphysematous changes, the lung surface was greyish-black, the incised lung
tissue was coal-black. What disease caused death?
A Anthracosis
B Silicosis
C Talcosis
D Asbestosis
E Aluminosis
Examination of coronary arteries revealed atherosclerotic calcific plaques that close vessel
lumen by 1/3. The muscle has multiple whitish layers of connective tissue. What process
was revealed in myocardium?
A Diffuse cardiosclerosis
B Tiger heart
C Postinfarction cardiosclerosis
D Myocarditis
E Myocardium infarction
A 63 year old male patient who had been suffering from chronic diffuse obstructive
disease, pulmonary emphysema, for 15 years died from cardiac insufficiency. Autopsy
revealed nutmeg liver cirrhosis, cyanotic induration of kidneys and spleen, ascites,
edemata of lower limbs. These changes of internal organs are typical for the following
disease:
A Chronic right-ventricular insufficiency
B Acute right-ventricular insufficiency
C Chronic left-ventricular insufficiency
D Acute left-ventricular insufficiency
E General cardiac insufficiency
Microscopical examination of an enlarged cervical lymph node revealed blurring of its
structure, absence of lymphoid follicles; all the microscopic fields showed cells with
roundish nuclei and thin limbus of basophil cytoplasm. It is known from the clinical data that
other groups of lymph nodes are also enlarged as well as spleen and liver. What disease
might be suspected?
A Lymphoid leukosis
B Lymphogranulomatosis
C Lymphosarcoma
D Myeloid leukosis
E Multiple myeloma
A worker of a cattle farm fell acutely ill and then died from the progressing intoxication.
Autopsy revealed enlarged, hyposthenic spleen of dark-cherry colour when dissected;
excessive pulp scraping. At the base and fornix of brain pia maters are edematous, soaked
with blood, dark-red ("scarlet hat"). Microscopic examination revealed serous
haemorrhagic inflammation of brain tissues and tunics along with destruction of small
vessel walls. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A Anthrax
B Tularemia
C Brucellosis
D Plaque
E Cholera
Histological examination of a skin tissue sampling revealed granulomas consisting of
macrophagal nodules with lymphocytes and plasmatic cells. There are also some big
macrophages with fatty vacuoles containing causative agents of a disease packed up in
form of spheres (Virchow's cells). Granulation tissue is well vascularized. What disease is
this granuloma typical for?
A Lepra
B Tuberculosis
C Syphilis
D Rhinoscleroma
E Glanders
A 40 year old man noticed a reddening and an edema of skin in the area of his neck that
later developed into a small abscess. The incised focus is dense, yellowish-green. The pus
contains white granules. Histological examination revealed drusen of a fungus, plasmatic
and xanthome cells, macrophages. What type of mycosis is the most probable?
A Actinomycosis
B Aspergillosis
C Candidosis
D Sporotrichosis
E Coccidioidomycosis
A physician examined a patient and found inguinal hernia. Through what anatomic
formation does it penetrate into the skin?
A $Hiatus$ $saphenus$
B $Anulus$ $femoralis$
C $Canalis$ $adductorius$
D $Lacuna$ $musculorum$
E $Anulus$ $inguinalis$ $superficialis$
Autopsy of a man who died from burn disease revealed brain edema, liver enlargement as
well as enlargement of kidneys with wide light-grey cortical layer and plethoric medullary
area. Microscopic examination revealed necrosis of tubules of main segments along with
destruction of basal membranes, intersticium edema with leukocytic infiltration and
haemorrhages. What is the most probable postmortem diagnosis?
A Necrotic nephrosis
B Tubulointerstitial nephritis
C Pyelonephritis
D Gouty kidney
E Myeloma kidney
A 30 year old man had been suffering from acute respiratory disease and died from
cardiopulmonary decompensation. Autopsy revealed fibrinous-haemorrhagic inflammation
in the mucous membrane of larynx and trachea, destructive panbronchitis, enlarged lungs
that look black due to the multiple abcesses, haemorrhages, necrosis. What is the most
probable postmortem diagnosis?
A Influenza
B Parainfluenza
C Respiratory syncytial infection
D Measles
E Adenoviral infection
A man with a wound of his limb that had been suppurating for a long time died from
intioxication. Autopsy revealed extreme emaciation, dehydration, brown atrophy of liver,
myocardium, spleen and cross-striated muscles as well as renal amyloidosis. What
diagnosis corresponds with the described picture?
A Chroniosepsis
B Septicopyemia
C Septicemia
D Chernogubov's syndrome
E Brucellosis
6 months after delivery a woman had uterine bleeding. Gynecological examination revealed
in the uterine cavity a dark-red tissue with multiple cavities that resembled of "sponge".
Microscopic examination of the tumour revealed some atypic light epithelial Langhans cells
and giant cells of cyncytiotrophoblast in blood lacunas. What tumour is it?
A Chorioepithelioma
B Squamous cell nonkeratinous carcinoma
C Adenocarcinoma
D Fibromyoma
E Vesicular mole
A patient with android-type obesity had been suffering from arterial hypertension,
hyperglycemia, glycosuria for a long time and died from the cerebral haemorrhage.
Pathologic examination revealed pituitary basophil adenoma, adrenal cortex hyperplasia.
What is the most likely diagnosis?
A Itsenko-Cushing's syndrome
B Diabetes mellitus
C Acromegalia
D Pituitary nanism
E Adiposogenital dystrophy
Mucous membrane of the right palatine tonsil has a painless ulcer with smooth lacquer
fundus and regular cartilagenous edges. Microscopically: inflammatory infiltration that
consists of lymphocytes, plasmocytes, a small number of neutrophils and epithelioid cells;
endovasculitis and perivasculitis. What disease is it?
A Syphilis
B Actinomycosis
C Tuberculosis
D Pharyngeal diphtheria
E Ulcerous necrotic Vincent's angina
Autopsy of a man with a malignant stomach tumour who had died from cancer intoxication
revealed in the posteroinferior lung fields some dense, grayish-red irregular foci protruding
above the section surface. Microscopic examination revealed exudate containing a large
amount of neutrophils in the lumen and walls of small bronchi and alveoles. Such
pulmonary alterations indicate the following disease:
A Acute purulent bronchopneumonia
B Acute bronchitis
C Croupous pneumonia
D Intermittent pneumonia
E Acute serous bronchopneumonia
Microscopical examination of a removed appendix revealed an edema, diffuse neutrophilic
infiltration of appendix wall along with necrosis and defect of mucous membrane with
affection of its muscle plate. What appendicitis form was developed?
A Ulcerophlegmonous
B Phlegmonous
C Gangrenous
D Superficial
E Apostematous
A 39 y.o. woman went through an operation in course of which surgeons removed her
uterine tube that was enlarged and a part of an ovary with a big cyst. Histological
examination of a tube wall revealed decidual cells, chorion villi. What was the most
probable diagnosis made after examination of the uterine tube?
A Tubal pregnancy
B Placental polyp
C Choriocarcinoma
D Papyraceous fetus
E Lithopedion
Autopsy of a 1,5-year-old child revealed haemorrhagic skin rash, moderate hyperaemia
and edema of nasopharyngeal mucous membrane, small haemorrhages in the mucous
membranes and internal organs; dramatic dystrophic alterations in liver and myocardium;
acute necrotic nephrosis; massive haemorrhages in the adrenal glands. What disease are
these alterations the most typical for?
A Meningococcal infection
B Scarlet fever
C Diphtheria
D Measles
E Epidemic typhus
48 hours after performing tuberculin test (Mantoux test) to a child a 10 mm papule
appeared on the spot of tuberculin introduction. What hypersensitivity mechanism
underlies these changes?
A Cellular cytotoxicity
B Anaphylaxis
C Antibody-dependent cytotoxicity
D Immune complex cytotoxicity
E Granulomatosis
Colonoscopy of a patient ill with dysentery revealed that mucous membrane of his large
intestine is hyperemic, edematic, its surface was covered with grey-and-green coats. Name
the morphological form of dysenteric collitis:
A Fibrinous
B Catarrhal
C Ulcerous
D Purulent
E Necrotic
A patient has been syffering from diarrhea for 5 day. On the fith day colonoscopy revealed
that membrane of rectum was inflamed, there were greyish-green films closely adhering to
the subjacent tissue. What is the most probable diagnosis?
A Dysentery
B Typhoid fever
C Nonspecific ulcerous colitis
D Salmonellosis
E Crohn's disease
Autopsy of a 48 y.o. man revealed a round formation 5 cm in diameter with clear-cut
outlines in the region of the 1st segment of his right lung. This formation was encircled with
a thin layer of connective tissue full of white brittle masses. Make a diagnosis of the
secondary tuberculosis form:
A Tuberculoma
B Caseous pneumonia
C Acute cavernous tuberculosis
D Acute focal tuberculosis
E Fibrous cavernous tuberculosis
A man had worked in a coal mine for over 20 years. After his death autopsy revealed that
his lungs were dense, grayish-black and had large areas of neogenic connective tissue
containing a lot of microphages with black pigment in the cytoplasm. What is the most likely
diagnosis?
A Anthracosis
B Anthracosilicosis
C Silicoanthracosis
D Talcosis
E Siderosis
Skin of a man who died from cardiac insufficiency has an eruption in form of spots and
specks. There are also bedsores in the area of sacrum and spinous vertebral processes.
Microscopical examination of CNS, skin, adrenal glands revealed in the vessels of
microcirculatory bed and in small arteries destructive-proliferative endothrombovasculitis
with Popov's granulomas; interstitial myocarditis. What diagnosis corresponds with the
described picture?
A Spotted fever
B Q fever
C Enteric fever
D Nodular periarteritis
E HIV
Autopsy of a 17 year old girl who died from pulmonary failure revealed a small area of
caseous necrosis in the inferior lobe of the right lung, and occurences of caseous necrosis
in the bronchopulmonary, bronchial and bifurcational lymph nodes. What is the most
probable postmortem diagnosis?
A Primary tuberculosis
B Hematogenous progression of primary tuberculosis
C Hematogenous tuberculosis with predominant lung affection
D Tuberculoma
E Caseous pneumonia under secondary tuberculosis
Autopsy of a man who died from the sepsis in his femoral bone revealed phlegmonous
inflammation that affected the marrow, haversian canals and periosteum. Under the
periosteum there are multiple abscesses, adjoining soft tissues of thigh also have signs of
phlegmonous inflammation. What pathological process was described?
A Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis
B Osteoporosis
C Chronic hematogenous osteomielitis
D Osteopetrosis
E -
An experimental animal was first sensibilized whereupon an antigen dose was introduced
subcutaneously. This injection resulted in the development of a fibrinous inflammation with
alteration of vessel walls, basal substance and fibrous structures of connective tissue in
form of mucoid and fibrinoid swelling and necrosis. What immunological reaction took
place?
A Immediate hypersensitivity
B Delayed-type hypersensitivity
C Reaction of transplantation immunity
D Normergic reaction
E Granulomatosis
Examination of a 55 year old woman revealed under the skin of submandibular area a
movable slowly growing pasty formation with distinct borders 1,0x0,7 cm large. Histological
examination revealed lipocytes that form segments of diffrent forms and sizes separated
from each other by thin layers of connective tissue with vessels. What is the most probable
diagnosis?
A Lipoma
B Fibroma
C Angioma
D Liposarcoma
E Fibrosarcoma
A 4 year old child complained of pain during deglutition, indisposition. Objectively: palatine
arches and tonsils are moderately edematic and hyperemic, there are greyish-white films
up to 1 mm thick closely adhering to the subjacent tissues. What pathological process are
these changes typical for?
A Inflammation
B Dystrophy
C Necrosis
D Metaplasia
E Organization
A 9 m.o. child has delayed dentition, it is also out of order. Upper jaw configuration is
horizontal ("high" palate); microscopically - irregular mineralization of tooth enamel,
wrinkled enamel prisms, some of them are vacuolized. Predentin zone is extended; there
are solitary denticles. What disease is it?
A Early rickets
B Late rickets
C Osteomalacia
D Gout
E Hypervitaminosis D
Microscopical renal examination of a 36 y.o. woman who died from renal insufficiency
revealed in the glomerules proliferation of capsule nephrothelium as well as of podocytes
and phagocytes accompanied by formation of "crescents", capillary loop necrosis, fibrinous
thrombs in their lumens; sclerosis and hyalinosis of glomerules, atrophy of tubules and
fibrosis of renal stroma. What is the most probable diagnosis?
A Subacute glomerulonephritis
B Acute glomerulonephritis
C Chronic glomerulonephritis
D Focal segmentary sclerosis
E Membranous nephropathy
A forensic medical expert examines the body of a 58 y.o. man who had been consuming
large amounts of alcochol for a long time and died at home. Microscopicaly: the right lung
is dense and enlarged, its incision revealed that the tissue is greyish and homogenous,
pleura is covered with greyish layers. Microscopically - alveolar cavities contain fibrin,
hemolyzed erythrocytes. Make a diagnosis:
A Croupous pneumonia
B Focal pneumonia
C Interstitial pneumonia
D Primary pulmonary tuberculosis
E Caseous pneumonia
Autopsy of a 50-year-old man revealed the following changes: his right lung was
moderately compact in all parts, the dissected tissue was found to be airless, fine-grained,
dryish. Visceral pleura had greyish-brown layers of fibrin. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A Croupous pneumonia
B Tuberculosis
C Bronchopneumonia
D Interstitial pneumonia
E Pneumofibrosis
Autopsy of a 56 y.o. man revealed in the right temporal part of brain a big focus of
softened grey matter that was semi-liquid and light grey. Arteries of cerebral tela contain
multiple whitish-yellow thickenings of intima that abruptly narrow the lumen. What is your
diagnosis?
A Ischemic stroke
B Brain abscess
C Hemorrhage
D Hemorrhagic infarction
E Brain edema
A 22 y.o. woman has enlarged lymph nodes. Histologically: a lymph node contains
lymphocytes, histiocytes, reticular cells, small and big Hodgkin's cells, multinucleated
Sternberg cells, isolated foci of caseous necrosis. What disease are these changes typical
for?
A Lymphogranulomatosis
B Lymphosarcoma
C Chronic leukosis
D Acute leukosis
E Lung cancer metastasis
Analysis of a punction biopsy material of liver revealed hepatocyte dystrophy with necroses
as well as sclerosis with disorder of beam and lobulous structure, with formation of
pseudolobules and regenerative nodes. What is the most probable diagnosis:
A Liver cirrhosis
B Chronic hepatosis
C Chronic hepatitis
D Progressive massive liver necrosis
E Acute hepatitis
Autopsy of a man, who had been suffering from the multiple bronchiectasis for 5 years and
died from chronic renal insufficiency, revealed that kidneys were dense and enlarged, with
thickened cortical layer of white colour with greasy lustre. What renal disease might be
suspected?
A Secondary amyloidosis
B Glomerulonephritis
C Chronic pyelonephritis
D Necrotic nephrosis
E -
Autopsy of a 49-year-old woman who died from chronic renal insufficiency, revealed:
kidneys were dense, reduced, multicoloured, with haemorrhagic areas. Microscopic
examination revealed some hematoxylin bodies in the nuclei of the renal tubule epithelium;
"wire-loop" thickening of the glomerular capillary basement membrane; here and there in
the capillaries some hyaline thrombi and foci of fibrinoid necrosis were present. What is the
most likely diagnosis?
A Systemic lupus erythematosus
B Rheumatism
C Arteriosclerotic pneumosclerosis
D Amyloidosis
E Atherosclerotic nephrosclerosis
Unpainfull formation without marked borders appeared in the soft tissues of the thigh in the
young man. On the tissue bioptate the formation lookes like a meat of a fish, consisting of
the immature fibroblast-like cells with multiple mitosis, which grow through the muscles.
What is the most likely diagnosis?
A Fibrosarcoma
B Myosarcoma
C Fibroma
D Cancer
E Myoma
A 45 y.o. patient consulted a doctor about plaque-shaped formation on his neck.
Histological examination of biopsy skin material revealed tumourous cells of round and oval
form with thin ring of basophilic cytoplasma that resemble of cells of basal epidermal layer.
What tumour is it?
A Basalioma
B Epidermal cancer
C Hydradenoma
D Trichoepithelioma
E Syringoadenoma
A 63 y.o. man fell ill with acute tracheitis and bronchitis accompanied by bronchial
pneumonia. On the 10th day the patient died from cardiopulmonary insufficiency. Autopsy
revealed fibrinous hemorrhagic laryngotracheobronchitis; lungs were enlarged, their
incision revealed the "coal-miner's" effect caused by interlacing of sections of bronchial
pneumonia, hemorrhages into the pulmonary parenchyma, acute abscesses and
atelectases. Internal organs have discirculatory and dystrophic changes. What is the most
probable diagnosis?
A Influenza, severe form
B Moderately severe influenza
C Parainfluenza
D Respiratory syncytial infection
E Adenoviral infection
Autopsy of a man who died from influenza revealed that his heart was slightly enlarged,
pastous, myocardium was dull and had specks. Microscopical examination of myocardium
revealed signs of parenchymatous adipose and hydropic dystrophy; stroma was edematic
with poor macrophagal and lymphocytic infiltration, vessels were plethoric; perivascular
analysis revealed petechial hemorrhages. What type of myocarditis was developed in this
case?
A Serous diffuse
B Interstitial proliferative
C Serous focal
D Purulent
E Granulomatous
A boy is 7 y.o. Objectively: against the background of hyperemic skin there is knobby
bright-pink rash on his forehead, neck, at the bottom of abdomen, in the popliteal spaces;
nasolabial triangle is pale. Examination of oropharyngeal surface revealed localized
bright-red hyperemia; tonsils are swollen, soft, lacunas contain pus, tongue is crimson.
Cervical lymph nodes are enlarged, dense and painful. What is the most probable
diagnosis?
A Scarlet fever
B Rubella
C Whooping cough
D Diphtheria
E Infectious mononucleosis
Gynecological examination of the uterine cervix in a 30-year-old woman revealed some
bright-red lustrous spots that easily bleed when touched. Biopsy showed that a part of the
uterine cervix was covered with cylindrical epithelium with papillary outgrowths; in the depth
of tissue the growth of glands was present. What pathology of the uterine cervix was
revealed?
A Pseudoerosion
B True erosion
C Endocervicitis
D Glandular hyperplasia
E Leukoplakia
A stillborn child was found to have thickened skin resembling of the tortoise shell,
underdeveloped auricles. Histological examination of skin revealed hyperkeratosis,
atrophy of the granular epidermis layer; inflammatory changes were not present. What is
the most likely diagnosis?
A Ichthyosis
B Leukoplakia
C Xerodermia
D Erythroplakia
E Dermatomyositis
A pathology-histology laboratory received a vermiform appendix up to 2,0 cm thick. Its
serous membrane was pale, thick and covered with yellowish-green films. The wall was
flaccid, of grayish-red colour. The appendix lumen was dilated and filled with
yellowish-green substance. Histological examination revealed that the appendix wall was
infiltrated with neutrophils. Specify the appendix disease:
A Acute phlegmonous appendicitis
B Acute gangrenous appendicitis
C Acute superficial appendicitis
D Acute simple appendicitis
E Chronic appendicitis
A 46 year old patient who had been suffering from tuberculosis for 6 years died from
massive pulmonary haemorrhage. Autopsy revealed different-sixed foci of sclerosis and
caseous necrosis in lungs, in the upper part of the right lung there was a cavity 5 cm in
diameter with dense grey walls, the cavity contained liquid blood and blood clots. What type
of tuberculosis is it?
A Fibrocavernous
B Acute cavernous
C Infiltrative
D Fibrous focal
E Acute focal
A patient died from cardiopulmonary decompensation. Histological examination revealed
diffused pulmonary lesion together with interstitial edema, infiltration of tissue by
limphocytes, macrophages, plasmocytes; pulmonary fibrosis, panacinar emphysema. What
disease corresponds with the described picture?
A Fibrosing alveolitis
B Chronic bronchitis
C Bronchopneumonia
D Pulmonary atelectasis
E Bronchial asthma
A 50 year old patient has been taking treatment thrice for the last 6 months because of
fractures caused by domestic accidents. Microscopical examination of bony tissue revealed
foci of lacunar resolution, giant-cell granulomas in the tumour-like formations, cysts. Bony
tissue was substituted by fibrous connective tissue. Examination revealed also adenoma of
parathyroid gland and hypercalcemia. What is the most probable diagnosis?
A Parathyroid osteodystrophy
B Myelomatosis
C Osteomyelitis
D Osteopetrosis
E Paget's disease
2 hours after a skeletal extension was performed to a 27 year old patient with multiple
traumas (closed injury of chest, closed fracture of right thigh) his condition abruptly
became worse and the patient died from acute cardiopulmonary decompensation.
Histological examination of pulmonary and cerebral vessels stained with Sudan III revealed
orange drops occluding the vessel lumen. What complication of polytrauma was
developed?
A Fat embolism
B Gaseous embolism
C Microbal embolism
D Thromboembolism
E Air embolism
A 50 year old patient underwent resection of tumour of large intestine wall. Microscopically
it presents itself as fascicles of divergent collagen fibers of different thickness and form and
some monomorphous fusiform cells that are irregularly distributed among the fibers.
Cellular atypia is not evident. What tumour is it?
A Hard fibroma
B Fibromyoma
C Soft fibroma
D Desmoma
E Fibrosarcoma
Autopsy of a 5 year old child revealed in the area of vermis of cerebellum a soft
greyish-pink node 2 cm in diameter with areas of haemorrhage. Histologically this tumour
consisted of atypical monomorphous small roundish cells with big polymorphous nuclei.
What tumour is it?
A Medulloblastoma
B Meningioma
C Glioblastoma
D Astrocytoma
E Oligodendroglioma
In course of severe respiratory viral infection there appeared clinical signs of progressing
cardiac insufficiency that caused death of a patient in the 2nd week of disease. Autopsy
revealed that the heart was sluggish, with significant cavity dilatation. Histological
examination of myocardium revealed plephora of microvessels and diffuse infiltration of
stroma by lymphocytes and histiocytes. What disease corresponds with the described
picture?
A Myocarditis
B Stenocardia
C Acute coronary insufficiency
D Myocardium infarction
E Cardiomyopathy
A 38 year old patient with full-blown jaundice, small cutaneous hemorrhages, general
weakness and loss of appetite underwent puncture biopsy of liver. Histological examination
revealed disseminated dystrophy, hepatocyte necrosis, Councilman's bodies. Lobule
periphery has signs of significant infiltration by lymphocytes, there are also individual
multinuclear hepatocytes. What is the most probable diagnosis?
A Acute viral hepatitis
B Acute alcoholic hepatitis
C Miliary hepatic cirrhosis
D Toxic degeneration of liver
E Chronic hepatitis
A 20 year old patient died from intoxication 8 days after artificial illegal abortion performed
in her 14-15th week of pregnancy. Autopsy of the corpse revealed yellowish colour of eye
sclera and of skin, necrotic suppurative endometritis, multiple pulmonary abscesses,
spleen hyperplasia with a big number of neutrophils in its sinuses. What complication after
abortion was developed?
A Septicopyemia
B Septicemia
C Hemorrhagic shock
D Chroniosepsis
E Viral hepatitis type A
A section of the left lung was found to have an area of dense red tissue. The area was
cone-shaped, stood out distinctly from the healthy tissue, with its base directed to the
pleura. The dissected tissue was granular, dark-red. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A Haemorrhagic infarction
B Lung abscess
C Lung gangrene
D Primary tuberculous affection
E Croupous pneumonia
A patient has a cluster of matted together dense lymph nodes on his neck. Histological
examination of a removed lymph node revealed proliferation of reticular cells, presense of
Reed-Sternberg cells. What disease is meant?
A Lymphogranulomatosis
B Lymphoblastic leukosis
C Myeloblastic leukosis
D Myelocytic leukosis
E Lymphocytic leukosis
A patient had been suffering from profuse diarrhea and vomiting for 2 days. He died from
acute dehydration. Autopsy revealed that the intestinal wall was edematic and hyperemic,
with multiple haemorrhages in the mucous membrane. Intestine lumen contains whitish fluid
resembling of rice water. What disease caused death?
A Cholera
B Dysentery
C Salmonellosis
D Typhoid fever
E Enterocolitis
Examination of a 66 year old patient revealed a lytic tumour in the locus of pathological rib
fracture. Histologically this tumour consists of atypical plasmoblasts. Further examination
revealed osteoporosis in the bones of vertebral column and pelvis. These changes are
typical for:
A Myelomatosis
B Tuberculous osteomyelitis
C Ewing's osteosarcoma
D Neuroblastoma
E Metastatic lung cancer
A patient died from acute cardiac insufficiency, among clinical presentations there was
gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Examination of mucous membrane of sromach revealed
some defects reaching myenteron; their edges and bottom were mostly even and loose,
some of them contained dark-red blood. What pathological process was revealed?
A Acute ulcers
B Chronic ulcers
C Erosions
D Thrombosis
E Inflammation
A 33 year old man died from uraemia. Autopsy revealed enlarged kidneys weighing 500,0
each and consisting of multiple cavities 0,5-2 cm in diameter. The cavities were full of
light-yellow transparent liquid. Renal pelvis and ureters had no pecularities. What renal
disease caused uraemia?
A Bilateral polycystic renal disease
B Chronic pyelonephritis
C Renal tumour
D Renal tuberculosis
E Rapidly progressing glomerulonephritis
A patient ill with tuberculosis died from progressing cardiopulmonary decompensation.
Autopsy in the area of the right lung apex revealed a cavity 5 cm in diameter
communicating with lumen of a segmental bronchus. On the inside cavity walls are covered
with caseous masses with epithelioid and Langhans cells beneath them. What
morphological form of tuberculosis is it?
A Acute cavernous tuberculosis
B Tuberculoma
C Caseous pneumonia
D Infiltrative tuberculosis
E Acute focal tuberculosis
A 30 year old woman has applied a lipstick with a fluorescent substance for a long time.
Then she got a limited erythema and slight peeling on her lip border, later there appeared
transversal striae and cracks. Special methods of microscopic examination of the affected
area helped to reveal sensibilized lymphocytes and macrophages in the connective tissue;
cytolysis. What type of immunological hypersensitivity was developed?
A IV type (cellular cytotoxicity)
B I type (reaginic)
C II type (antibody cytotoxicity)
D III type (immune complex cytotoxicity)
E Granulomatosis
Examination of a young woman revealed a node-like, soft and elastic homogenous tumour
of pinkish-white colour along the acoustic nerve. The tumour contains cell bundles with oval
nuclei. Cellular fibrous bundles form rhythmic structures made up by parallel rows of
regularly oriented cells arranged in form of a palisade with cell-free homogenous zone
(Verocay bodies) between them. What tumour is it?
A Neurinoma
B Malignant neurinoma
C Ganglioneurinoma
D Neuroblastoma
E Ganglioneuroblastoma
A 23 year old man has perforation of hard palate. In the area of this perforation there was
a compact well-defined formation. Microscopic examination of the resected formation
revealed a large focus of caseous necrosis surrounded by granulation tissue with
endovasculitis, cellular infiltration composed of lymphocytes, epithelioid cells (mainly
plasmocytes). What is the most probable diagnosis?
A Syphilis
B Tuberculosis
C Scleroma
D Sarcoma
E Leprosy
A 50 year old man who was referred to the hospital for treatment of cervical lymphadenitis
underwent test for induvidual sensitivity to penicillin. 30 seconds after he went hot all over,
AP dropped down to 0 mm Hg that led to cardiac arrest. Resuscitation was unsuccessful.
Autopsy results: acute venous plethora of internal organs; histological examination of skin
(from the site of injection) revealed degranulation of mast cells (tissue basophils).
Degranulation was also revealed in myocardium and lungs. What type of hypersensitivity
reaction is it?
A Anaphylactic
B Delayed-type hypersensitivity
C Complement-mediated cytotoxic
D Immunocomplex-mediated
E -
A 2 year old child had acute respiratory viral infection and died from cardiopulmonary
decompensation. Autopsy revealed that his right lung was hyperemic; in the 2nd, 6th and
10th segments and on the incision there were airless yellowish foci of irregular form, from
several mm up to 1 cm large. Microscopical examination revealed exudate consisting mainly
of neutrophils in the given areas of pulmonary tissue in the alveoles, bronchioles and
bronchial tubes. What is the most probable diagnosis?
A Focal pneumonia
B Interstitial pneumonia
C Croupous pneumonia
D Acute bronchitis
E Pulmonary abscess
The upper lobe of the right lung is enlarged, grey and airless, the inscision surface is
dripping with turbid liquid, the pleura has many fibrinogenous films; microscopical
examination of alveoles revealed exudate containing neutrophils, desquamated
alveolocytes and fibrin fibers. The bronchus wall is intact. What is the most probable
diagnosis?
A Croupous pneumonia
B Interstitial pneumonia
C Pulmonary abscess
D Focal pneumonia
E Influenzal pneumonia
A 28 year old patient had high arterial pressure, hematuria and facial edemata. In spite of
treatment renal insufficiency was progressing. 6 months later the patient died from uremia.
Microscopic examination of his kidneys and their glomerules revealed proliferation of
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