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Lexical meaning —the component of m-ing expressing the content proper only to the given w & distinguishing it from other ws & recurrent in all its forms & distributions (Write, wrote, has written, am writing, have been writing —1 & the same semantic component “the process of making marks that represent letters/w-s by using a pen/pencil on paper”—seme.
Grammatical meaning —the component of the m-ing expressing the general, uniting individual forms of different ws in identical sets—variable(переменное), adding the lexical m-ing, complicating it; the component of the m-ing recurrent in identical sets of individual forms of different ws: the tense ming in the w-forms of verbs (asked, walked, prepared); the case ming in the w-forms of various nouns (girl’s, merchant’s, night’s).
The lexical ming—a complex structural formation. It includes denotational & connotational components.
The denotational comp. —that comp. of the lex. mean. ~ makes communication possible
It expresses the conceptional content of a w (speak—make use of a language in an ordinary, not a singing voice)
The connotational component —that comp. of the lex. mean. ~ expresses the emotive attitude of the subject of the speech towards the denotatum (обозначаемое). The emotive attitude includes the emotive charge & the stylistic value of the w-d.
The emotive charge—one of the objective semantic features proper to w-s as linguistic units. It comprises the emotional & evaluative comp-s. The emotional one expresses different emotions: gladness, sorrow, grief, admiration, tenderness—both positive & negative emotions (bosso, girlie).
The evaluative component expresses/ conveys the speaker’s attitude towards the referent, labeling it as good / bad: respect, scorn, irony, disrespect, hatred, disregard (пренебреж.) hovel —лачуга, хибара. It denotes “a small house/cottage” & besides implies that it is a miserable dwelling place, dirty, in bad repair & in general unpleasant to live in.
the stylistic reference & the emotive charge of a w are closely connected & to a certain degree interdependent. (It is one of the debatable problems in semasiology. Some linguists go so far as to claim that the stylistic reference of the w-d lies outside the scope of the meaning.) As a rule styl-ly coloured w-s are observed to possess a considerable emotive charge. The coll. w-s “ daddy ”, “ mammy ” are more emotional than the neutral “ father ”, “ mother”
Polysemy The majority of English w-s—polysemantic.
hawk —1) ястреб, сокол; 2) хищник (о человеке); 3)амер. сторонник жёсткого курса (в политике)
to flash —1) сверкать, вспыхивать; давать отблески; 2) быстро промелькнуть, пронестись; 3) осенить, прийти в голову; 4) передавать по телеграфу, радио; 5) разг. выставлять себя на показ, красоваться, бахвалиться
(1) dominates over other m-gs, conveying the concept in the most general way, whereas m-gs (2)-(5) are associated with special circumstances, aspects & instances of the same phenomenon. (1)—the main m-g— the centre of the semantic structure of the w, as it covers & holds together the rest of the semantic structure; (2)-(5)—secondary m-gs—c.b. associated with one another, some of them exclusively through the (1).
The semantic structure —an organized set of recurrent variants & shades of m-g a given sound complex can assume in different contexts, together with their emotional colouring, stylistic peculiarities & other typical connotations if any.
But not in every w such a centre c.b. found. Some semantic structures are arranged on a different principal:
The centre of the semantic structure isn’t 1 of the mean-s but a certain component which c.b. easily singled out within each separate m-g. Each separate m-g is subject to further subdivision & possesses an inner structure of its own, which m.b. represented as sets of semantic components—semes (basic, elementary units of a sense).
flat(adj.) —1) плоский, ровный (even) 2) нерельефный, плоский 3) вялый, скучный, однообразный (monotonous) 4)скучный, унылый; безжизненный; неэнергичный, неостроумный, невразумительный 5) ком. неоживлённый, вялый (о рынке) (lifeless) 7) выдохшийся (о пиве) (get exhausted) | There is smth. that all these seemingly miscellaneous mings have in common—the implication of lacking: 1) deficiency of heights 2) def-y of relief 3) def-y of energy, variety 4) def-y of interest, energy, intellect 5) def-y of life, activity 7) def-y of quality |
A polysemantic w-d m.b. represented as a hierarchically organized on the basis of the primary m-g structure of lexico-semantic variants(LSV). Radiation — 1 of the types of connections b/w them (LSV) — all the m-s are connected directly/immediately with the direct m-g(the m-g nominates the object without the help of context, in isolation) & are motivated with it:
Heart - a hollow muscular organ that receives blood from the veins & sends it out through the arteries.
It’s the centre of all the living beings.
This gave ground to transfer the w-d to express the idea “the central part, the core of a plant / vegetable”.
the heart of the cabbage, the heart of the apple;
later: the centre of the innermost part of a region
Concatenation — each following m-g is connected with the preceding one, not with the primary m-g:
Film тонкая кожа→тонкая плёнка→фото- и киноплёнка→кинофильм
Test глиняный сосуд, в кот испытывают некот кол-во металлов→испытание металлов →любое испытание
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