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| OBLIGATION. NECESSITY (in the present) | ||
| FORM | EXAMPLE | TRANSLATION |
| MUST / HAVE TO / HAVE GOT TO / BE TO / OUGHT TO/ SHOULD/NEEDS… We use " must " only in the present and future when the speaker decides to do something. | 1. I must lose some weight (she say so). | 1. Мені необхідно схуднути. |
| " Have to " is used when the necessity comes from outside the speaker or when others decide for him. | 2. She has to lose some weight (the doctor says so). | 2. Їй необхідно скинути вагу. |
| " Have got to" is more informal and is used for obligation on a single occasion. | 3. I've got to call her. She will be worried. | 3. Мені необхідно їй зателефонувати. Вона буде турбуватися. |
| " To be (am, is, are) + to V " This verb means obligation resulting from the previous arrangement. | 4. We are to meet at six. | 4. Ми маємо зустрітися о шостій. |
| " Ought to", "should". These verbs mean duty, it's the right thing to do but people don't always do it. | 5. We ought to respect the environment. (but we don't always do it). | 5. Ми повинні піклуватися про оточуюче середовище. |
| NEEDS + V ing / NEEDS TO BE V 3 The meaning is " it's necessary ". | 6. Your hair needs cutting (to be cut). | 6. Тобі слід постригтися. |
| OBLIGATION – NECESSITY (in the past) | ||
| FORM | EXAMPLE | TRANSLATION |
| HAD TO / WAS TO / WAS TO HAVE V3 " Had to" is generally used to denote the action which was realized in the past as a result of obligation or necessity. | 1. I had to sell my car. (It was necessary for me because I needed money). | 1. Я мусив продати машину. |
| " Was to " is used to denote the action which is not realized and the question remains open as to whether it is going to take place or not. | 2. We were to meet him at the station. (It's not clear from the sentence if the action took place). | 2. Ми мали зустрітися з ним на вокзалі (не зрозуміло, чи вони зустрілися). |
| " Was to have + V3 " is used if the speaker wishes to make it clear that the plan was not fulfilled. | 3. We were to have met him at the station.(but we failed to meet him) | 3. Ми мали зустрітися з ним на вокзалі (але він не прийшов). |
EXERCISE 22. COMMENT ON THE MEANING OF THE MODAL VERBS.
1. We must talk to your daughter about her future. 2. I have to get up early tomorrow, I've got a lot of work to do. 3. We should respect our parents. 4. I have to tell her the truth. 5. We are to discuss this plan next Thursday. 6. She was to speak at the meeting. 7. We were to have played a game of chess. 8. She has got to do it now. 9. He had to answer their questions. 10. Your jacket needs cleaning.
EXERCISE 23. FILL IN THE BLANKS. USE AN APPROPRIATE VERB TO EXPRESS OBLIGATION OR NECESSITY.
1. It's later than I thought. I......... go now. 2. I haven't phoned her for ages. I......... phone her tonight. 3. Paul doesn't like his new job, sometimes he......... work at weekends. 4. It's time for you to catch your train. You......... go now. 5. It was raining hard. I......... to put on my raincoat. 6. We......... met but he didn't come. 7. Your house......... painting. 8. We......... to meet, maybehe is late. 9. You......... respect old people. 10. This car......... to be repaired.
EXERCISE 24. MAKE QUESTIONS.
1. I had to go to hospital last week. Why did you have to go to hospital?
2. I have to get up early tomorrow. _____________________________
3. I have got to phone her now. _____________________________
4. I was to have sent this telegram. _____________________________
5. Her hair needs dying. _____________________________
6. You should visit your parents more often._____________________________
EXERCISE 25.
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