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Developing democracies in post-communist countries

Since the end of 1980s many countries of Central and East Europe did a lot of things to create and develop democratic institutions and procedures. The changes in the main parameters of polity of these countries related on their initial commitment. At first they wanted to create legal and political institutions, which would help the integration in World Economy processes. At the second they wanted to create democratic governance. Strategic course in the most events didn't assume the result as "creation of democratic regime". The main point of that strategy was to exit the past, to refuse from communist authoritarianism. Most of political practices weren’t correct. They didn't comply with local traditions and copied foreign models of institutions of liberal democratic governments. The result of post-communist reforms in Central and East Europe was the mix of authoritarian and democratic elements in their political institutions. Russian and Europe seek to manipulate democratical institutions and procedures, but their civil society is not enough developed.

57. Democratic values in the West and East: problems and perspectives

Western democracy and democracy of the East - these are two entirely different things, different as the people themselves ("demos") in these regions, their various "collective unconscious." What are the prospects of Western democracy? Self-destruction. Chomsky sees the same two options - an ecological disaster and nuclear war. A nuclear conflict, in his opinion, do almost on the doorstep, because the West unleashed in the Middle East, the war on terror. More serious problems are expected with respect to the previously established democracies of the West. The reason for such fears are two reasons: first - the lack of opportunities to explain their own shortcomings threat of constant competition with the other system, because of the collapse of such; the second - the population of those countries is much more "infected" normative expectations about how democracy should work. The problem of democracy in the East is that it is ineffective in a major crisis due to the complicated procedure of forming a consensus on the main objectives of social development.

If we take, for example, the former Soviet republics, from the sound optimistic we can talk about the future of democracy in the more economically advanced countries. Low-income Caucasian and Islamized Central Asian states rather bleak prospects for democracy. For those republics, cultural tradition which defines Orthodoxy, and the economic situation can be described as an intermediate, uncertainty prevails. What is happening in Russia, will have a huge impact on the political development of other post-Soviet Eastern Republics.

58. BASIC ACTORS OF POLITICAL RELATIONS

Political subjects - a social and national communities, organizations, institutions, capable of participating in political life, to make political decisions and ensure their implementation, change social relations in accordance with their interests and goals. Subject of politics - the active medium, focused and informed action.

With a certain degree of conditionality political subjects can be classified into three groups. The first - the subjects of social and national level (primary sources of power): social communities, classes, groups, elite, individuals and others. The second - institutional carriers of political power: the state and its agencies, political parties, socio-political organizations and movements. This permanent political entities to implement it. The third group - functional political entities: the opposition, the lobby, the media and others. They are fighting for political power, directly or indirectly involved in its implementation.

Examples

Quite common policy comparison with the theater. Policy - a stage for a full conflicts and intrigues of political show with a lot of actors - parties, leaders, groups. The clash between them is the content of each episode of the political drama. Before the performance of political observers question arises: who is involved in it? What motivates the participants? Who is the hero and who is a pawn? To answer these questions, it is necessary to solve the subjects of politics, that is the definition of political actors, their interests, power and influence, the ability to compete for power and implement policies.