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International or world politics is the core of international relationship. International politics is making processes, making and implementing decisions that affect the life of the world community. In the modern international politics operates a huge number of different actors. But until now, the prevailing view is that the main actors in world politics are the states and groups (unions) states.
Important in the teaching of Cicero is the consideration of the citizen as a subject of legal communication. He also the first time highlights the "right of people", an essential principle of which is the need to comply with the obligations imposed by international treaties. The state, according to Cicero, based on universal reason and justice, it is also a matter of people, and is the result of an agreement on the rights and interests of the community.
Bishop Augustine advanced teaching of the two cities: divine and human. According to this doctrine all people belong to one of these "cities". Human City - City of the Damned is a God of people wicked, who are doomed to perish. City of God or the kingdom of God forms the righteous that predestined to salvation. With the coming of Christ and the establishment of the Christian Church "City of God" is being implemented through the activities of the church. Hence Ages the idea of the rule of the church over the state, spiritual authority over secular became widespread in the Middle. It is based on the idea of the universal rights of the Pope on the power of his right to appoint and dismiss the sovereigns.
Dominican monk Thomas Aquinas taught that authorities should obey only to the extent that they are blessed with spiritual power. If the power just conquered, taken from the legitimate ruler, then each shall have the right to resist it. Similarly, we can and must not obey the orders of the authorities, if they prescribe sinful acts. Thomas Aquinas was a supporter of the monarchy. However, he distinguished between two types of monarchies: absolute and political. Political monarchy he considered preferable as it monarchs governed by the law and act within it.
He believed that the basis of political behavior are profit and power in politics should be based on force rather than morality, which can be neglected and the presence of a good purpose. Hence the conclusion that the policy ends justify the means. There are two ways to achieve the objectives: the way of the law and the path of violence. The first way is the way of human, the second is the wild animals’ one. Sovereigns should be able to use both methods.
86. The Vienna congress and the “European Concert”
The Vienna congress an international conference (1814–15) held at Vienna after Napoleon's banishment to Elba, with Metternich as the dominant figure, aimed at territorial resettlement and restoration to power of the crowned heads of Europe.
In the Vienna Congress of 1815 the European Concert was established in the continent as a system of international relations. Five monarchies: England, Russia, Austria, France, Prussia tried to create a regulative model of European politics which would prevent the concentration of power and land in anyone state, strengthening of the 1 country would lead to rapprochement demand of “compensating concessions”, force maneuvers etc.
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